The effects of kaempferol on redox-associated enzymes in normal human keratinocytes were studied. It enhanced the gene expression of thioredoxin reductase 1 and thioredoxin. Flavonols had higher ability to induce the expression of these genes than the other anti-oxidants and the other flavonoids tested. Furthermore, kaempferol and quercetin increased the activity of thioredoxin reductase in normal human keratinocytes.
