深海産クモヒトデ類の生態について

藤田 敏彦

doi:10.5179/benthos1981.1988.61

深海産クモヒトデ類の生態について

藤田敏彦

著者情報

ジャーナルフリー

1988 年 1988 巻 33-34 号 p. 61-73

DOI https://doi.org/10.5179/benthos1981.1988.61

詳細

発行日: 1988/11/25 受付日: - J-STAGE公開日: 2009/08/07 受理日: 1988/07/02 早期公開日: - 改訂日: -
訂正情報
訂正日: 2009/08/07 訂正理由: - 訂正箇所: 引用文献情報訂正内容: Wrong : ASTRAHANTSEFF, S. and M. S. ALTON, 1965. Bathymetric distribution of brittlestars (Ophiuroidea) collected off the northern Oregon coast. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 22, 1407-1424.
BARHAM, E. G., N. J. AYER, Jr. and R. E. BOYCE, 1967. Macrobenthos of the San Diego Trough : photographic census and observations from bathyscaphe, Trieste. Deep-Sea Res., 14, 773-784.
BILLETT, D. S. M., R. S. LAMPITT, A. L. RICE and R. F. C. MANTOURA,1983. Seasonal sedimentation of phytoplankton to the deep-sea benthos. Nature, 302, 520-522.
BLABER, S. J. M., J. L. MAY, J. W. YOUNG and C. M. BULMAN, 1987. Population density and predators of Ophiacantha fidelis (KOEHLER, 1930) (Echinodermata : Ophiuroidea) on the continental slope of Tasmania. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 38, 243-247.
BRUCE, J. G. 1962. Photographic record of a moving brittle star. Deep-Sea Res., 9, 77.
DEARBORN, J. H. 1977. Foods and feeding characteristics of Antarctic asteroids and ophiuroids. In, Adaptations within Antarctic Ecosystems, ed. by LLANO, G. A., Gulf Publication, Washington, pp. 293-326.
EBERT, T. A. 1983. Recruitment in echinoderms. In, Echinoderm Studies, I, ed. by JANGOUX, M. and J. M. LAWRENCE, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 169-203.
EMSON, R. H. 1985. Bone idle- A recipe for success? In, Echinodermata, Proceedings of the Fifth International Echinoderm Conference, Galway, 24-29 September 1984, ed. by KEEGAN, B. F. and B. D. S. O'CONNOR, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 25-30.
FELL, H. B. 1961. The fauna of the Ross Sea, Ophiuroids. Bull. N. Z. Dep. Scient. Ind. Res., No.142, 79pp.
FELL, H. B. 1967. Biological applications of seafloor photography. In, Deep-Sea Photography, ed. by HERSEY, J. B., John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, pp. 207-221.
FUJITA, T. and S. OHTA,1988. Photographic observations of the life style of a deep-sea ophiuroid Asteronyx loveni (Echinodermata). Deep-Sea Res., in press.
FUJITA, T., S. OHTA and T. OJI, 1987. Photographic observations of the stalked crinoid Metacrinus rotundus CARPENTER in Suruga Bay, central Japan. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 43, 333-343.
GAGE, J. D. 1982 Age structure in populations of the deep-sea brittle star Ophiomusium lymani : a regional comparison. Deep-Sea Res., 29, 1565-1586.
GAGE, J. D. and P. A. TYLER, 1981a. Non-viable seasonal settlement of larvae of the upper bathyal brittle star Ophiocten gracilis in the Rockall Trough Abyssal. Mar. Biol., 64,153-161.
GAGE, J. D. and P. A. TYLER, 1981b. Re-appraisal of age composition, growth and survivorship of the deep-sea brittle star Ophiura ljungmani from size structure in a sample time series from the Rockall Trough. Mar. Biol., 64, 163-172.
GAGE, J. D. and P. A. TYLER, 1982a. Growth and reproduction of the deep-sea brittlestar Ophiomusium lymani WYVILLE THOMSON. Oceanol. Acta, 5, 73-83.
GAGE, J. D. and P. A. TYLER, 1982b. Depth-related gradients in size structure and the bathymetric zonation of deep-sea brittle stars. May. Biol., 71, 299-308.
GISLéN, T. 1924. Echinoderm studies. Zool. Bidr. Uppsala, 9, 1-316.
GORDON, J. D. M. and J. A. R. DUNCAN, 1987. Deep-sea bottom-living fishes at two repeat stations at 2200 and 2900m in the Rockall Trough, northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biol., 96, 309-325.
GRASSLE, J. F., H. L. SANDERS, R. R. HESSLER, G. T. ROWS and T. MCLELLAN, 1975. Pattern and zonation : a study of the bathyal megafauna using the research submersible Alvin. Deep-Sea Res., 22, 457-481.
HAEDRICH, R. L., G. T. ROWS and P. T. POLLONI, 1980. The megabenthic fauna in the deep sea south of New England, USA. Mar. Biol., 57, 165-179.
HENDLER, G. 1975. Adaptational significance of the patterns of ophiuroid development. Amer. Zool., 15, 691-715.
HERSEY, J. B. (ed.) 1967. Deep-Sea Photography, John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 310pp.
HOLLISTER, C. D., A. R. M. NOWELL and P. A. JUMARS, 1984. The dynamic abyss. Sci. Amer., 250 (3), 32-43.
HYMAN, L. H. 1955. The Invertebrates. vol. IV, Echinodermata. McGraw-Hill, New York, vii+763 pp.
JANGOUX, M. 1982. Food and feeding mechanisms : Asteroidea. In, Echinoderm Nutrition, ed. by JANGOUX, M. and J. M. LAWRENCE, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 117-159.
JUMARS, P. A. and J. E. ECKMAN, 1983. Spatial structure within deep-sea benthic communities. in, The Sea, vol. 8, Deep-sea Biology, ed. by ROWS, G. T., Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 399-451.
JUMARS, P. A. and E. D. GALLAGHER, 1982. Deepsea community structure : three plays on the benthic proscenium. In, The Environment of the Deep Sea, ed. by ERNST, W. G. and J. G. MORIN, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, pp. 217-255.
LAFOND, E. C. 1967. Movements of benthonic organisms and bottom currents as measured from the bathyscaph Trieste. In, Deep-Sea Photography, ed. by HERSEY, J. B., John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, pp. 295-302.
LITVINOVA, N. M. and M. N. SOKOLOVA, 1971. Feeding of deep-sea ophiuroids of the genus Amphiophiura. Okeanologija, 11, 240-247.
MCLELLAN, T. 1977. Feeding strategies of the macrourids. Deep-Sea Res., 24, 1019-1036.
MILEIKOVSKY, S. A. 1971. Types of larval development in marine bottom invertebrates, their distribution and ecological significance : a reevaluation. Mar. Biol., 10, 193-213.
MORTENSEN, T. 1912. Über Asteronyx loveni M. Tr. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., 101, 264-289.
OHTA, S. 1983. Photographic census of large-sized benthic organisms in the bathyal zone of Suruga Bay, central Japan. Bull. Ocean Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo, 15, 1-244.
PAWSON, D. L.1976. Some aspects of the biology of deep-sea echinoderms. Thalassia Jugos-lavica,12,287-293.
PEARCY, W. G. and J. W. AMBLER, 1974. Food habits of deep-sea macrourid fishes off the Oregon coast. Deep-Sea Res., 21, 745-759.
PEARSON, M. and J. D. GAGE, 1984. Diets of some deep-sea brittle stars in the Rockall Trough. Mar. Biol., 82, 247-258.
REX, M. A. 1983. Geographic patterns of species diversity in the deep-sea benthos. In, The Sea, vol. 8 Deep-sea Biology, ed. by ROWS, G. T., Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 453-472.
ROKOP, F. J. 1974. Reproductive patterns in the deep-sea benthos. Science, 186, 743-745.
ROWE, G. T. 1983. Biomass and reproduction of the deep-sea macrobenthos. In, The Sea, vol. 8, Deep-sea Biology, ed. by ROWE, G. T., Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 97-121.
ROWE, G. T. and R. J. MENZIES, 1969. Zonation of large benthic invertebrates in the deep-sea off the Carolinas. Deep-Sea Res., 16, 531-537.
SANDERS, H. L. 1979. Evolutionary ecology and life-history patterns in the deep sea. Sarsia, 64, 1-7.
SCHOENER, A. 1968. Evidence for reproductive periodicity in the deep sea. Ecology, 49, 81-87.
SCHOENER, A. 1972. Fecundity and possible mode of development of some deep-sea ophiuroids. Limnol. Oceanogr., 17, 193-199.
SCHOENER, A. and G. T. ROWE, 1970. Pelagic Sargassum and its presence among the deep-sea benthos. Deep-Sea Res., 17, 923-925.
SEDBERRY, G. R. and J. A. Musick,1978. Feeding strategies of some demersal fishes of the continental slope and rise off the Mid-Atlantic coast of the USA. Mar. Biol., 44, 357-375.
SIBUET, M. 1985. Quantitative distribution of echinoderms (Holothuroidea, Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea) in relation to organic matter in the sediment, in the sediment, in deep sea basins of the Atlantic. In, Echinodermata, Proceedings of the Fifth International Echinoderm Conference, Galway, 24-29 September 1984, ed. by KEEGAN, B. F. and B. D. S. O' CONNOR, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 99-108.
SMITH, C. R. 1985. Food for the deep sea : utilization, dispersal, and flux of nekton falls at the Santa Catalina Basin floor. Deep-Sea Res., 32, 417-442.
SMITH, C. R. and S. C. HAMILTON, 1983. Epibenthic megafauna of a bathyal basin off southern California : patterns of abundance, biomass, and dispersion. Deep-Sea Res., 30, 907-928.
SMITH, K. L., Jr. 1983. Metabolism of two dominant epibenthic echinoderms measured at bathyal depths in the Santa Catalina Basin. Mar. Biol., 72, 249-256.
SMITH, K. L., Jr. 1987. Food energy supply and demand : a discrepancy between particulate organic carbon flux and sediment community oxygen consumption in the deep ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr., 32, 201-220.
SMITH, K. L., Jr. and R. J. BALDWIN, 1984. Seasonal fluctuations in deep-sea sediment community oxygen consumption : central and eastern North Pacific. Nature, 307, 624-626.
SMITH, K. L., Jr. and N. O. BROWN, 1983. Oxygen consumption of pelagic juveniles and demersal adults of the deep-sea fish Sebastolobus altivelis, measured at depth. Mar. Biol., 76, 325-332.
SMITH, K. L., Jr., A. F. CARLUCCI, R. A. JAHNKE and D. B. CRAVEN, 1987. Organic carbon mineralization in the Santa Catalina Basin : benthic boundary layer metabolism. Deep-Sea Res., 34, 185-211.
THORSON, G. 1950. Reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom invertebrates. Biol. Rev., 25, 1-45.
TYLER, P. A. 1980. Deep-sea ophiuroids. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., 18, 125-153.
TYLER, P. A. and J. D. GAGE, 1980a. Reproductive patterns in deep sea Ophiuroids from the North East Atlantic. In Echinoderms : Present and Past, ed. by JANGOUX, M., BALKEMA, ROTTER-DAM, pp. 417-421.
TYLER, P. A. and J. D. GAGE, 1980b. Reproduction and growth of the deep-sea brittlestar Ophiura ljungmani (LYMAN). Oceanol. Acta, 3, 177-185.
TYLER, P. A. and J. D. GAGE, 1982. The reproductive biology of Ophiacantha bidentata (Echinodermata : Ophiuroidea) from the Rockall Trough. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U. K., 62, 45-55.
TYLER, P. A., J. D. GAGE and S. L. PAIN, 1983. Reproductive variability in deep-sea echinoderms and molluscs from the Rockall Trough. Oceanol. Acta,1983, special number, 191-195.
TYLER, P. A., A. GRANT, S. L. PAIN and J. D. GAGE, 1982. Is annual reproduction in deep-sea echinoderms a response to variability in their environment? Nature, 300, 747-750.
VOLCKART, F. 1987. Spatial pattern of softbottom Polychaeta off Nova Scotia, Canada. Mar. Biol., 93, 627-639.
WARNER, G. F. 1982. Food and feeding mechanisms : Ophiuroidea. In, Echinoderm Nutrition, ed. by JANGOUX, M. and J. M. LAWRENCE, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 161-181.
WIGLEY. L. and K. O. EMERY, 1967. Benthic animals, particularly Hyalinoecia (Annelida) and Ophiomusium (Echinodermata) in sea-bottom photographs from the continental slope. In, Deep-Sea Photography ed. by. HERSEY, J. B., John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, pp. 235-249.
WOLFF, T. 1979. Macrofaunal utilization of plant remains in the deep sea. Sarsia, 64, 117-136.
WOODLEY, J. D. 1975. The behaviour of some amphiurid brittle-stars. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 18, 29-46.

Right : ASTRAHANTSEFF, S. and M. S. ALTON, 1965. Bathymetric distribution of brittlestars (Ophiuroidea) collected off the northern Oregon coast. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 22, 1407-1424.
BARHAM, E. G., N. J. AYER, Jr. and R. E. BOYCE, 1967. Macrobenthos of the San Diego Trough : photographic census and observations from bathyscaphe, Trieste. Deep-Sea Res., 14, 773-784.
BILLETT, D. S. M., R. S. LAMPITT, A. L. RICE and R. F. C. MANTOURA,1983. Seasonal sedimentation of phytoplankton to the deep-sea benthos. Nature, 302, 520-522.
BLABER, S. J. M., J. L. MAY, J. W. YOUNG and C. M. BULMAN, 1987. Population density and predators of Ophiacantha fidelis (KOEHLER, 1930) (Echinodermata : Ophiuroidea) on the continental slope of Tasmania. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 38, 243-247.
BRUCE, J. G. 1962. Photographic record of a moving brittle star. Deep-Sea Res., 9, 77.
DEARBORN, J. H. 1977. Foods and feeding characteristics of Antarctic asteroids and ophiuroids. In, Adaptations within Antarctic Ecosystems, ed. by LLANO, G. A., Gulf Publication, Washington, pp. 293-326.
EBERT, T. A. 1983. Recruitment in echinoderms. In, Echinoderm Studies, I, ed. by JANGOUX, M. and J. M. LAWRENCE, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 169-203.
EMSON, R. H. 1985. Bone idle- A recipe for success? In, Echinodermata, Proceedings of the Fifth International Echinoderm Conference, Galway, 24-29 September 1984, ed. by KEEGAN, B. F. and B. D. S. O'CONNOR, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 25-30.
FELL, H. B. 1961. The fauna of the Ross Sea, Ophiuroids. Bull. N. Z. Dep. Scient. Ind. Res., No.142, 79pp.
FELL, H. B. 1967. Biological applications of seafloor photography. In, Deep-Sea Photography, ed. by HERSEY, J. B., John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, pp. 207-221.
FUJITA, T. and S. OHTA,1988. Photographic observations of the life style of a deep-sea ophiuroid Asteronyx loveni (Echinodermata). Deep-Sea Res., in press.
FUJITA, T., S. OHTA and T. OJI, 1987. Photographic observations of the stalked crinoid Metacrinus rotundus CARPENTER in Suruga Bay, central Japan. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan, 43, 333-343.
GAGE, J. D. 1982 Age structure in populations of the deep-sea brittle star Ophiomusium lymani : a regional comparison. Deep-Sea Res., 29, 1565-1586.
GAGE, J. D. and P. A. TYLER, 1981a. Non-viable seasonal settlement of larvae of the upper bathyal brittle star Ophiocten gracilis in the Rockall Trough Abyssal. Mar. Biol., 64,153-161.
GAGE, J. D. and P. A. TYLER, 1981b. Re-appraisal of age composition, growth and survivorship of the deep-sea brittle star Ophiura ljungmani from size structure in a sample time series from the Rockall Trough. Mar. Biol., 64, 163-172.
GAGE, J. D. and P. A. TYLER, 1982a. Growth and reproduction of the deep-sea brittlestar Ophiomusium lymani WYVILLE THOMSON. Oceanol. Acta, 5, 73-83.
GAGE, J. D. and P. A. TYLER, 1982b. Depth-related gradients in size structure and the bathymetric zonation of deep-sea brittle stars. May. Biol., 71, 299-308.
GISLéN, T. 1924. Echinoderm studies. Zool. Bidr. Uppsala, 9, 1-316.
GORDON, J. D. M. and J. A. R. DUNCAN, 1987. Deep-sea bottom-living fishes at two repeat stations at 2200 and 2900m in the Rockall Trough, northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Biol., 96, 309-325.
GRASSLE, J. F., H. L. SANDERS, R. R. HESSLER, G. T. ROWS and T. MCLELLAN, 1975. Pattern and zonation : a study of the bathyal megafauna using the research submersible Alvin. Deep-Sea Res., 22, 457-481.
HAEDRICH, R. L., G. T. ROWS and P. T. POLLONI, 1980. The megabenthic fauna in the deep sea south of New England, USA. Mar. Biol., 57, 165-179.
HENDLER, G. 1975. Adaptational significance of the patterns of ophiuroid development. Amer. Zool., 15, 691-715.
HERSEY, J. B. (ed.) 1967. Deep-Sea Photography, John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 310pp.
HOLLISTER, C. D., A. R. M. NOWELL and P. A. JUMARS, 1984. The dynamic abyss. Sci. Amer., 250 (3), 32-43.
HYMAN, L. H. 1955. The Invertebrates. vol. IV, Echinodermata. McGraw-Hill, New York, vii+763 pp.
JANGOUX, M. 1982. Food and feeding mechanisms : Asteroidea. In, Echinoderm Nutrition, ed. by JANGOUX, M. and J. M. LAWRENCE, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 117-159.
JUMARS, P. A. and J. E. ECKMAN, 1983. Spatial structure within deep-sea benthic communities. in, The Sea, vol. 8, Deep-sea Biology, ed. by ROWS, G. T., Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 399-451.
JUMARS, P. A. and E. D. GALLAGHER, 1982. Deepsea community structure : three plays on the benthic proscenium. In, The Environment of the Deep Sea, ed. by ERNST, W. G. and J. G. MORIN, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, pp. 217-255.
LAFOND, E. C. 1967. Movements of benthonic organisms and bottom currents as measured from the bathyscaph Trieste. In, Deep-Sea Photography, ed. by HERSEY, J. B., John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, pp. 295-302.
LITVINOVA, N. M. and M. N. SOKOLOVA, 1971. Feeding of deep-sea ophiuroids of the genus Amphiophiura. Okeanologija, 11, 240-247.
MCLELLAN, T. 1977. Feeding strategies of the macrourids. Deep-Sea Res., 24, 1019-1036.
MILEIKOVSKY, S. A. 1971. Types of larval development in marine bottom invertebrates, their distribution and ecological significance : a reevaluation. Mar. Biol., 10, 193-213.
MORTENSEN, T. 1912. Über Asteronyx loveni M. Tr. Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., 101, 264-289.
OHTA, S. 1983. Photographic census of large-sized benthic organisms in the bathyal zone of Suruga Bay, central Japan. Bull. Ocean Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo, 15, 1-244.
PAWSON, D. L.1976. Some aspects of the biology of deep-sea echinoderms. Thalassia Jugos-lavica,12,287-293.
PEARCY, W. G. and J. W. AMBLER, 1974. Food habits of deep-sea macrourid fishes off the Oregon coast. Deep-Sea Res., 21, 745-759.
PEARSON, M. and J. D. GAGE, 1984. Diets of some deep-sea brittle stars in the Rockall Trough. Mar. Biol., 82, 247-258.
REX, M. A. 1983. Geographic patterns of species diversity in the deep-sea benthos. In, The Sea, vol. 8 Deep-sea Biology, ed. by ROWS, G. T., Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 453-472.
ROKOP, F. J. 1974. Reproductive patterns in the deep-sea benthos. Science, 186, 743-745.
ROWE, G. T. 1983. Biomass and reproduction of the deep-sea macrobenthos. In, The Sea, vol. 8, Deep-sea Biology, ed. by ROWE, G. T., Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 97-121.
ROWE, G. T. and R. J. MENZIES, 1969. Zonation of large benthic invertebrates in the deep-sea off the Carolinas. Deep-Sea Res., 16, 531-537.
SANDERS, H. L. 1979. Evolutionary ecology and life-history patterns in the deep sea. Sarsia, 64, 1-7.
SCHOENER, A. 1968. Evidence for reproductive periodicity in the deep sea. Ecology, 49, 81-87.
SCHOENER, A. 1972. Fecundity and possible mode of development of some deep-sea ophiuroids. Limnol. Oceanogr., 17, 193-199.
SCHOENER, A. and G. T. ROWE, 1970. Pelagic Sargassum and its presence among the deep-sea benthos. Deep-Sea Res., 17, 923-925.
SEDBERRY, G. R. and J. A. Musick,1978. Feeding strategies of some demersal fishes of the continental slope and rise off the Mid-Atlantic coast of the USA. Mar. Biol., 44, 357-375.
SIBUET, M. 1985. Quantitative distribution of echinoderms (Holothuroidea, Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea) in relation to organic matter in the sediment, in the sediment, in deep sea basins of the Atlantic. In, Echinodermata, Proceedings of the Fifth International Echinoderm Conference, Galway, 24-29 September 1984, ed. by KEEGAN, B. F. and B. D. S. O' CONNOR, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 99-108.
SMITH, C. R. 1985. Food for the deep sea : utilization, dispersal, and flux of nekton falls at the Santa Catalina Basin floor. Deep-Sea Res., 32, 417-442.
SMITH, C. R. and S. C. HAMILTON, 1983. Epibenthic megafauna of a bathyal basin off southern California : patterns of abundance, biomass, and dispersion. Deep-Sea Res., 30, 907-928.
SMITH, K. L., Jr. 1983. Metabolism of two dominant epibenthic echinoderms measured at bathyal depths in the Santa Catalina Basin. Mar. Biol., 72, 249-256.
SMITH, K. L., Jr. 1987. Food energy supply and demand : a discrepancy between particulate organic carbon flux and sediment community oxygen consumption in the deep ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr., 32, 201-220.
SMITH, K. L., Jr. and R. J. BALDWIN, 1984. Seasonal fluctuations in deep-sea sediment community oxygen consumption : central and eastern North Pacific. Nature, 307, 624-626.
SMITH, K. L., Jr. and N. O. BROWN, 1983. Oxygen consumption of pelagic juveniles and demersal adults of the deep-sea fish Sebastolobus altivelis, measured at depth. Mar. Biol., 76, 325-332.
SMITH, K. L., Jr., A. F. CARLUCCI, R. A. JAHNKE and D. B. CRAVEN, 1987. Organic carbon mineralization in the Santa Catalina Basin : benthic boundary layer metabolism. Deep-Sea Res., 34, 185-211.
THORSON, G. 1950. Reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom invertebrates. Biol. Rev., 25, 1-45.
TYLER, P. A. 1980. Deep-sea ophiuroids. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., 18, 125-153.
TYLER, P. A. and J. D. GAGE, 1980a. Reproductive patterns in deep sea Ophiuroids from the North East Atlantic. In Echinoderms : Present and Past, ed. by JANGOUX, M., BALKEMA, ROTTER-DAM, pp. 417-421.
TYLER, P. A. and J. D. GAGE, 1980b. Reproduction and growth of the deep-sea brittlestar Ophiura ljungmani (LYMAN). Oceanol. Acta, 3, 177-185.
TYLER, P. A. and J. D. GAGE, 1982. The reproductive biology of Ophiacantha bidentata (Echinodermata : Ophiuroidea) from the Rockall Trough. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U. K., 62, 45-55.
TYLER, P. A., J. D. GAGE and S. L. PAIN, 1983. Reproductive variability in deep-sea echinoderms and molluscs from the Rockall Trough. Oceanol. Acta,1983, special number, 191-195.
TYLER, P. A., A. GRANT, S. L. PAIN and J. D. GAGE, 1982. Is annual reproduction in deep-sea echinoderms a response to variability in their environment? Nature, 300, 747-750.
VOLCKART, F. 1987. Spatial pattern of softbottom Polychaeta off Nova Scotia, Canada. Mar. Biol., 93, 627-639.
WARNER, G. F. 1982. Food and feeding mechanisms : Ophiuroidea. In, Echinoderm Nutrition, ed. by JANGOUX, M. and J. M. LAWRENCE, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 161-181.
WIGLEY. L. and K. O. EMERY, 1967. Benthic animals, particularly Hyalinoecia (Annelida) and Ophiomusium (Echinodermata) in sea-bottom photographs from the continental slope. In, Deep-Sea Photography ed. by. HERSEY, J. B., John Hopkins Press, Baltimore, pp. 235-249.
WOLFF, T. 1979. Macrofaunal utilization of plant remains in the deep sea. Sarsia, 64, 117-136.
WOODLEY, J. D. 1975. The behaviour of some amphiurid brittle-stars. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 18, 29-46.

抄録

Some ecological information about deep-sea ophiuroids is reviewed, with some notes on their roles in deep-sea benthic communities and general ecological trends along the depth gradient. The ophiuroids are numerically important members in deep-sea benthic communities. Recently, many ecological studies have been carried out on deep-sea ophiuroids. The underwater photography has been used to elucidate life styles and feeding habits, and the quantitative analysis of the bottom photographs has clarified population densities and spatial patterns. Stomach contents of deep-sea benthic organisms have indicated that many ophiuroid species are omnivorous, and that ophiuroids are sometimes consumed by the other predacious organisms. Moreover, a few in situ experimental approaches have been applied to estimate their respiration. Thus, some examples have been obtained about food webs and energy budgets in deep-sea benthic communities. Reproduction and population dynamics were revealed by analysis of size-frequency distributions and gonads of seasonal samples, showing seasonal recruitment and annual synchronous reproduction for some species in the deep sea.

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