FTIR study of the wild-type and mutant proteins of a viral rhodopsin, OLPVR1

Abstract

OLPVR1 is a viral channelrhodopsin found in giant viruses, which can be a useful optogenetic tool for calcium-regulated cell functions. Determination of the open-state structure leads to one of the best understood channelrhodopsins. Recent FTIR spectroscopy of OLPVR1 reported unique structures in the resting and photoisomerized states at 77 K. Here we attempted to obtain difference FTIR spectra of mutants in OLPVR1, where we focused six key residues, S11, E44, E51, D76, D200, and N205. We prepared S11T, E51D, E51Q, N205Q, E44Q, D76N, and D200N, to which spectroscopic analysis was applied. From the l_max values of D76N and D200N at pH 7 and 8, it was concluded that D200 is the primary counterion. FTIR spectroscopy showed that the carboxylic C=O stretch of WT at 1722 (-)/1707 (+) cm^-1 in H₂O, and at 1718 (-)/1698 (+) cm^-1 in D₂O disappeared in E51Q, from which protonation of E51 was concluded. S11T and N205Q alter the C=O stretch frequency of E51 in the dark, but not in the photoisomerized state at 77 K. This observation implicates that E51 interacts with S11 and N205 through a water-containing hydrogen bond, whereas the interaction is broken by light. Recent crystallographic study visualized flipping motion of E51 upon opening state of OLPVR1, and the present FTIR study reports the removal of E51 from the network with S11 and N205 occurring even at the primary photoreaction stage. Retinal photoisomerization accompanies hydrogen-bonding switch of E51, leading to channel opening of OLPVR1 in late timescale.

Caption of Graphical Abstract

Low-temperature light-induced difference FTIR spectroscopy was applied to mutant proteins of a viral channelrhodopsin OLPVR1. This method provided direct evidence of protonation of E51, a key residue in channel gating. Vibrational frequency of E51 shifted by the mutation of D11 and N205 in the resting state, but not in the photoisomerized state at 77 K. Therefore, E51 interacts with S11 and N205 through a water-containing hydrogen bond in the dark, which is disrupted at the early stage of photoreaction, and eventually leading to flipping motion of E51 upon channel opening.