Dynamic Examination of Traffic and Safety Flow Between Human-Driven Vehicles and Cautious Autonomous Vehicles

Abstract

This study analyzes the dynamic interaction between human-driven (HDVs) and cautious autonomous vehicles (AVs) in mixed traffic, focusing on flow and safety. Simulating varying AV penetration rates on Jakarta's Harbour Toll Road, it utilizes VISSIM and SSAM. Findings show increased AV penetration significantly boosts maximum traffic volume, implying infrastructure efficiency. Average speed, however, decreases at higher MPRs. Counterintuitively, carbon emissions rise with increased AV penetration. A strong negative correlation exists between AV penetration and overall traffic incidents, especially severe rear-end collisions, demonstrating substantial safety benefits. Lane change conflicts decrease but show less linear behavior, highlighting areas for future optimization in speed management and environmental sustainability.