2020 Volume 67 Issue 1 Pages 33-37
Thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF) is a pathological condition that causes myelopathy, with unilateral lower extremity pain rarely a feature in the presenting complaint. Moreover, most symptomatic cases of thoracic OLF occur in middle-aged men, with younger individuals rarely affected. We present a rare case of severe and chronic unilateral buttock and leg pain mimicking sciatica due to thoracic OLF in a professional baseball pitcher. A 28-year-old, right-handed, Japanese professional baseball pitcher experienced intractable left leg pain with numbness and spasticity. After the initial presentation, extensive testing focusing on lumbar, hip, and pelvis lesions failed to identify a cause for the pain. One year after onset, careful neurological examination showed signs of upper motor neuron disturbance, and thoracic computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed thoracic OLF at the level of the thoracolumbar junction. After resection of the thoracic OLF, the pain, numbness, and spasticity completely resolved. He resumed full training and was pitching in top condition within four months after surgery. Though rare, thoracic OLF should be considered in the differential diagnosis of lower extremity pain in young athletes, especially amongst high-level baseball pitchers.
Thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF) has been widely recognized as a possible cause of thoracic myelopathy, whereas unilateral lower extremity pain is rare as part of the presenting complaint1,2). In addition, as most surgical cases of thoracic OLF occur in middle-aged men, patients in their 20s are extremely rare3-11). The pathogenesis of OLF is still not fully understood, but repeated mechanical stress might influence the development of OLF in younger patients12,13). To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports describing young athletes with chronic unilateral lower extremity pain due to thoracic OLF.
We report herein a case of buttock and posterior thigh pain and numbness mimicking sciatica due to thoracic OLF in a young Japanese professional baseball pitcher.
A 28-year-old, right-handed, Japanese professional baseball pitcher was referred to our hospital because of a one-year history of intractable left leg pain with numbness and spasticity. He had no history of past spinal injury, spinal operation, systemic disorders, nor a family history of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament or ligamentum flavum. One year earlier, he had felt left buttock and posterior thigh pain while pitching during a game and became aware of increasing muscle tightness in the left leg a month later. Several doctors had evaluated his condition with no obvious abnormality on physical examination or on imaging of the lumbar spine identified, including on x-ray, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and bone scintigraphy. Although he was able to continue pitching in games during the season by taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, the pain gradually increased, and he started to feel spasticity and numbness in the left leg before his first visit to our hospital.
Neurological examination revealed no muscle weakness or sensory disturbance other than loss of the left cremaster reflex and increased deep tendon reflexes of the left lower extremity. No bowel, bladder, or sexual dysfunction was identified. No pathological physical findings were found on examining the hip and sacroiliac joints. CT and MRI of the thoracic spine revealed left unilateral OLF at the T10-T11 and T11-T12 levels with marked compression of the dural tube (Figure 1). According to these findings, unilateral thoracic myelopathy due to OLF was suspected, and spinal decompression of the thoracic spine was planned. At surgery, posterior decompression at the level of T10-11 and T11-12 was performed. By three weeks after surgery, the left leg pain and numbness had entirely resolved. The patient started physical exercise 3 weeks after surgery and gradually increased the intensity. He experienced no further symptoms during rehabilitation, including to the level of full training. He resumed full training and was pitching in top condition by four months after surgery.
In this report, we present a rare case of severe and chronic unilateral buttock and posterior thigh pain mimicking sciatica due to thoracic OLF in a professional baseball pitcher. Three crucial clinical issues require attention. First, thoracic OLF can cause unilateral lower extremity pain in athletes. Second, detailed neurological examination and imaging including the thoracic spine is necessary for the diagnosis of this condition. Third, high-level baseball pitchers might be at particularly high risk of symptomatic thoracic OLF.
Buttock and posterior thigh pain, including sciatica, is relatively common in athletes. Assessing any reported buttock and posterior thigh pain in athletes should always first try to ascertain involvement from the lumbar spine14). In addition, clinicians must differentiate hip, pelvis, and sacroiliac joint disorders, hamstring origin tendinopathy, and muscle strain by evaluating physical and imaging findings14). In this case, physical examination and imaging studies did not suggest these disorders.
Thoracolumbar junction lesions can present with a variety of signs and symptoms, including sciatica, due to the complexity of the spinal cord, cauda equina, and nerve roots15,16). Amongst the few reports on pain mimicking sciatica caused by thoracic cord compressive lesions17-19), two cases have shed some light on unilateral lower extremity pain mimicking sciatica that results from disc herniation at the lower thoracic spine (T10-11 and T11-12 levels, respectively)20,21). Unilateral lower extremity pain is known to be uncommon among patients with thoracic OLF, but at least one case report has suggested that unilateral OLF at the thoracolumbar junction might cause unilateral lower extremity pain in athletes12). Since the lower thoracic segment of T10-11 is the most frequently affected segment22-24), OLF at this region could compress the lumbosacral nerves after their exit from the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord, which would cause pain radiating through the lower extremity21).
Since thoracolumbar junction lesions present with a variety of signs and symptoms, detailed neurological examination and imaging are necessary for the diagnosis of this condition. In our case, loss of left cremaster reflex, posterior hamstring tightness, and increased deep tendon reflexes of the ipsilateral lower extremities were the only abnormal findings which led to suspicion of upper neuron disturbance at the L1 to L2 spinal cord segments. The cremasteric reflex is generally maintained in healthy young adults25,26). Radiographic assessment of the thoracolumbar junction is also important. Since routine MRI protocols for the evaluation of a lumbar spinal lesion might not include the level of the lower thoracic region (especially the axial sections), MRI of the thoracic spine should be considered for athletes who complain of pain in the lower extremity with neurological deficits, especially when lumbar/hip/pelvis lesions have already been ruled out.
The pathogenesis of OLF is still not fully understood, but mechanical stress has been proposed as a cause of hypertrophy and OLF1,5,12,27,28). High-level baseball pitchers reportedly experience a greater rotational angle of motion in the thoracolumbar spine of the non-throwing arm side compared to the throwing side29). Kaneyama et al. describe repeated, localized, asymmetrical rotatory stress caused by pitching motions as potential influences on the unilateral development of OLF on the non-throwing side among high-level baseball pitchers12). The repeated traction force might act unilaterally on the ligamentum flavum due to asymmetrical rotational flexion-extension movement of the thoracic spine12,13,27,28). To the best of our knowledge, only 3 published cases have described symptomatic thoracic OLF in high-level young athletes (Table 1)12,13). Interestingly, all cases involved Japanese males in their 20s, playing as high-level baseball pitchers, who unilaterally developed OLF on the non-throwing side at T10/11 and/or T11/12 levels. OLF appears relatively common in the East Asian population compared with the American and European populations1-4,22-24). According to previous reports and our case, high-level Asian baseball players, especially pitchers, might represent a high-risk population for symptomatic thoracic OLF in athletes. However, no reports have investigated the incidence of thoracic OLF in athletes. Further epidemiological study of thoracic OLF in athletes is therefore needed.
In conclusion, thoracic OLF can cause unilateral lower extremity pain in athletes, and detailed neurological examination and CT/MRI confirmation are useful for the diagnosis of this condition. Although relatively rare, thoracic OLF should be considered when lower extremity pain is seen in athletes with neurological deficit, especially among high-level baseball pitchers.
The patient described in this paper has given their informed consent for the case report to be published.
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
