Abstract
As an important branch of geography, hydrological geography primarily studies the spatial and temporal distribution of water bodies, hydrological processes, and their complex interactions with the natural environment and human activities. In recent years, intensified global climate change and human activities have driven the field toward a deeper exploration of hydrological cycle dynamics, sustainable water resource utilization, and the mechanisms underlying extreme hydrological events. This paper systematically reviews the theoretical framework of hydrological geography, with a focus on hydrological cycle theory, watershed system theory, and their interdisciplinary integration. It summarizes key research areas, including watershed hydrological processes, the impacts of human activities on hydrological systems, the spatial and temporal distribution of water resources and their optimal allocation, and risk assessment of hydrological hazards. Based on recent research advancements, the paper highlights the mechanisms of hydrological responses to global change, innovative applications of big data and artificial intelligence in hydrological geography, and breakthroughs in surface water–groundwater coupling studies. Additionally, it discusses the practical value of hydrological geography in integrated watershed management, ecosystem protection, and transboundary water resource governance. Finally, the paper identifies current research challenges and outlines future directions, emphasizing the importance of data-driven model development, climate change adaptation studies, and interdisciplinary collaboration in advancing the field. By comprehensively summarizing the theories and practices of hydrological geography, this paper aims to provide scientific references and practical insights for the discipline’s development and the resolution of global water resource and environmental issues.
