Abstract
Astronomical geography, as an emerging interdisciplinary frontier linking Earth system science and space science, aims to elucidate the evolution of Earth’s geographic characteristics within the Solar System and the broader cosmic environment, as well as the mechanisms driven by astronomical processes. This field encompasses Earth’s rotation–revolution dynamics, orbital and tidal interactions within the Sun–Earth–Moon system, multiscale disturbances of the atmosphere and geomagnetic environment induced by solar activity, and the potential impacts of Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) on the Earth system. This paper systematically reviews the theoretical foundations of astronomical geography and provides a comprehensive assessment of recent advances in remote sensing observations, high-precision satellite measurements, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), deep-space exploration, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence, particularly in applications such as Earth deformation monitoring, tidal force modeling, space weather forecasting, and planetary geography research. Special emphasis is placed on the coupled effects of solar radiation and geomagnetic storm events on climate and the ionosphere, the regulatory mechanisms of Earth–Moon tidal forces on hydrological cycles and surface processes, and emerging approaches for inferring extraterrestrial geographic information. Based on a synthesis of the existing literature, this study further identifies key future directions, including the integration of multisource observational data for advanced modeling, multiscale mechanistic analysis of complex space–Earth systems, enhancement of AI-driven space weather prediction models, and the development of an application framework for astronomical geography oriented toward sustainable development and deep-space exploration. This review aims to provide a theoretical foundation and methodological reference for studies of Earth system evolution, space environment risk mitigation, and space resource utilization, thereby promoting the advancement of astronomical geography toward mechanistic understanding, intelligent modeling, and deeper interdisciplinary integration.
