抄録
Planetary surface evolution represents a fundamental scientific problem for understanding how internal dynamics, surface processes, volatile cycling, and environmental feedbacks jointly shape planetary trajectories and habitability. This review establishes an integrated framework linking comparative planetary geography with Earth system science to elucidate the universal mechanisms governing surface evolution across terrestrial planets, icy moons, and small Solar System bodies. By synthesizing advances in tectonics, impact processes, aeolian dynamics, cryogenic activity, volatile migration, and atmospheric escape, we propose a four-dimensional framework of endogenic dynamics–exogenic processes–volatile feedbacks–habitability evolution and develop a multi-scale classification scheme for comparative analysis of planetary surface processes. This framework reveals that variations in effective elastic thickness, thermal evolution, gravity fields, and fluid properties constitute fundamental controls on planetary morphology, geodynamic regimes, and evolutionary pathways. Furthermore, we highlight several unresolved questions, including the emergence of plate tectonics from stagnant-lid states, the governing principles of geomorphic processes under non-Earth-like environmental conditions, the role of water–rock interactions in icy worlds and planetary habitability, and the climatic consequences of atmospheric loss and runaway greenhouse transitions. Recent advances in artificial intelligence-assisted planetary remote sensing, multi-source data integration, deep-time environmental simulation, and planetary-scale modeling are critically assessed, alongside key challenges in cross-scale coupling, extreme-environment parameter inversion, and unified theoretical modeling. By placing Earth within a comparative Venus–Earth–Mars evolutionary framework, this review advances a transition from a single-planet perspective toward a generalized planetary system science paradigm, providing a new theoretical foundation for deciphering planetary evolution, assessing extraterrestrial habitability, and understanding Earth’s long-term environmental trajectory.
