兼業増加と集落の発達—近世期三浦半島桜山部落の場合—

抄録

The village of Sakurayama is situated at the mouth of the Tagoe River flowing along the neck of the Miura Peninsula into the Bay of Sagami. Basing upon the data described in the Shumon-nimbetsu-cho^** for 1808 and 1855 and other documents concerning Saku.rayama village, the author made clear the growth of the village in the latter part of the Tokugawa era. He at first classifiedd all the families in the village into three classes (upper, middle and lower) according to the acreage possessed by them. Next he examined the family structure of respective class taking the following five (a_??_e) as its indices. a) Average number of person per family, b) rate of married people, c) rate of stable family (a family having two or more persons 16_??_60 years old), d) average number of working person per family (a working person is here defined as lineal. person 21_??_60 years old), e) average number of supported children per family. The result of his investigation may be sutuzerized as follows:
1. The total number of families of the village increased only very slightly during the period studied.
2. By comparing the number of families of respective class in 1808 with that in 1855, however, it was revealed that the middle class families remarkably decreased, while the families of both the upper and the lower classes increased in number. That is, the differentiation into classes became more conspicuous in 1855 than in 1805. This fact should be noted in relation to what he would point out afterwards in 4.
3. As to the population, it slightly decreased in the period 1749_??_1803 and increased in the period 1808_??_1805.
4. As the result of examing all the families of respective class in 1803 and 1855 with respect to the five indices above-mentioned, the author found that the family structure was generally reinforced for these 47 years, and that of the lower class was particularly strengthened in comparison with that of the upper or the lower class, and the differences in family structure among three classes were narrowed. These facts do not harmonize with a theory previously forwarded by other authors that increase in number of lower class families implies the weakening of settlement structure.
5. The slight decrease of population took place before 1803 was caused by frequent occurence of disasters as the village was located in droughtable land.
6. The increase of population after 1808 is explained as follows: In 1819, the route for carriage of fish pack from the Sagami Bay coast was converted to the neck of the Miura Peninsula, and the village was chosen as the base of carriage. The village plaster managed the business and almost all villagers were employed as carriers. So each villager had increased chance for getting money, and cash income of the lower class villagers was relatively larger than that of villagers of the two other classes. Such change in circumstances as this was an important factor in strengthening of family structure of the lower class farmers and lessening of differences in family structure among three classes.
7. The case l may be considered as an example of those villages which were converted to land and money economy from mono-land-economy, and in which each family could almost equally get into contact with money economy.