冷戦終結と米国の国防予算

―1991 会計年度国防授権法成立過程に見る米国防予算編成の事例研究―

抄録

This article is a case study of the U.S. defense budgeting for fiscal year 1991. The Cold War had just ended and the United States had to reconsider its defense strategy and budget due to this substantial change in the security environment. Moreover, financial constraints promoted political arguments between the George H. W. Bush Administration, the House of Representatives, and the Senate over the defense budget. My research questions are as follows: How do the political actors (administration and Congress) of the United States move for formulating the defense budget when there is a significant change in the security environment? Has the Congress assumed a lesser role in defense budgeting, especially since World War II, as most researchers, such as Samuel P. Huntington (in his well-known book The Soldier and the States), say? This article is a descriptive analysis of how the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1991 (NDAA 1991) was established. The bill was deliberated from January to November of 1990; analysis revealed that the Congress did play a leading role in establishing the defense budget when the security environment around the U.S. largely changed. This finding refutes the widely accepted theory that the Congress assumes a reserved attitude to defense budgeting.