「サッティヤーグラハ」言説の批判的分析

―ナイポールの「ガンディー主義」批判を手掛かりに ―

抄録

　This paper attempts a critical analysis of satyagraha, which is generally known as “non-violent resistance” led by Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi was not only a great leader in the independence movement of India, but is regarded as a Saint even in today’s world. On the other hand, it is true that he has met much criticism from his days to the present.

　V.S. Naipaul is one of these critics of Gandhi. It is not enough, however, to consider his criticism simply as directed at Gandhi the man. When we read carefully his two works, India: A Wounded Civilization (1977) and Half a Life (2001), it becomes clear that what Naipaul criticizes is not Gandhi himself, but “Gandhism” which has penetrated the Indian society. This paper employs the concept of the “structure of feeling” propounded by Raymond Williams, and tries to identify what characterizes Gandhism in terms of its “structure of feeling”.

　A close analysis of Gandhi’s discourse about satyagraha reveals that one of its principles is control of feelings, especially of “anger” and “hate” Referring to remarks on human feelings by two other postcolonial intellectuals, Edward Said and Franz Fanon, this paper demonstrates that satyagraha has a negative effect to obstruct self-fulfillment of the colonized. It also suggests, in conclusion, that its dogma of control of feelings has even a secret similarity to the principle of control society in the present-day world.