Effect of Different Photoperiods on Flower Opening Time in Portulaca umbraticola

Abstract

Portulaca umbraticola is an ephemeral flower that opens early in the morning and wilts in the late afternoon. Although light and temperature act as major external cues to limit the velocity of flower opening, endogenous factors regulating its timing are largely unknown. In this study, we used time lapse photography to study the effect of different photoperiods and light qualities on the flower opening rhythm of Portulaca umbraticola. When illumination was provided, flower opening was rapid and most of the flowers reached the full opening stage. In contrast, in continuous darkness (DD), progression of flower opening was similar to other treatments only during the earlier stages of flower opening; thereafter, progression was significantly slower and most flowers did not progress up to the full opening stage. A robust flower opening rhythm with a period of approximately 24 h was observed in DD for at least three days and flower opening was strongly synchronous. In contrast, continuous white (LL) and continuous red (RR) lights showed a less robust rhythm with periods of approximately 21 and 22 h, respectively, for the first two days and from the second to the third day arrhythmia developed. Continuous blue light (BB) mirrored DD, with a period of approximately 25 h. Under the different photoperiods used (20L/4D, 18L/6D, 16L/8D, 12L/12D, 8L/16D, and 4L/20D), flower opening occurred earlier at longer photoperiods in comparison with shorter photoperiods, relative to the reference point (17:00). However, when the dark period was less than 6 h, loss of synchronicity of flower opening was observed. Synchronicity of flower opening was only set when the dark period was greater than or equal to 6 h.