It is necessary to understand the situation in Western balancing service markets where they established them ahead of Japan to extract future issues and suggestions for Japan's balancing service market. We took up PJM in the U. S., Regelleistung in Germany, and National Grid ESO in the U. K., where DSR market participation is advanced, and surveyed the following three research perspectives. (1) regulation of balancing service markets, (2) DSR participation and price trends in the markets, and (3) business cases of DR and virtual power plants (VPP).
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