The large-scale deployment of renewable energy requires a power system that can minimize operating costs while maintaining a stable supply. One way to reduce Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) suppression is to expand tie lines. VRE suppression can also be reduced by locating large power demands, such as hydrogen/ammonia production and direct air capture, near VRE. In Japan, where general transmission and distribution utilities are responsible for electricity supply and demand in their areas, it is necessary to consider the calculation results for each area in detail. This study clarified the effects of tie line expansion and load relocating on the operation cost, VRE suppression, and shortage of tertiary for the entire national grid and each of the nine areas. The results of the full-year Unit Commitment simulation showed that the national operating costs were similar for the tie line expansion and load relocating. In the generation plan for a representative day when both are used together, Hokkaido-Chubu areas show strong characteristics of the case of tie line expansion, while Kansai-Kyushu areas show strong characteristics of the case of load relocating.
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