2025 年 13 巻 4 号 p. 208-227
The green economy is an economic approach that emphasizes sustainable growth through environmentally friendly program strategies. Bukit Peramun tourist village in Belitung is a prime example of a green economy initiative in the tourism sector, positively impacting local community's economy through its management practices. This research aims to explore how the implementation of green economy strategies has the potential to enhance the welfare and empowerment of the community in developing their area as a tourist attraction. Employing a qualitative method, this study gathers data through secondary sources, observations, and interviews with local tourism offices, marketing departments, and creative economy stakeholders. The findings indicate that Bukit Peramun has emerged as a source of new economic opportunities, with its management effectively utilizing the green economy concept to promote community empowerment as active participant in development. The emphasis on local wisdom serves as a compelling draw for tourists interested in cultural experiences, fostering a sense of pride among residents and creating economic opportunities tied to the village's unique offerings. Furthermore, supports from collaborative networks with policymakers facilitates access to essential services, enhancing the development of Bukit Peramun as it operates within the green economy framework.
Green economy practices have become one of the strategic approaches to supporting sustainable development (D’Amato and Korhonen, 2021). The green economy, as defined by David Pearce in Yani and Noviantika (2023), is an economy that can sustainably duplicate itself and is in line with human wellbeing and the sustainable use of natural resources (Yani and Noviantika, 2023). In the context of tourism, the issue of the green economy, which includes significant potential contributions to environmental preservation and the well-being of local communities, is still hindered by several major barriers, such as low environmental awareness, a high dependency on mass tourism models, and policies that are not well integrated (Pan, Gao, et al., 2018). Green economy tourism, or green economy, is an approach in the tourism industry that aims to create sustainable and environmentally friendly economic growth. This approach involves the proportional use of natural resources, reduction of carbon emissions, and protection of the natural environment as part of the tourism development strategy (Melece, 2016; Ivars-Baidal, Vera-Rebollo, et al., 2023). Green economy tourism also focuses on empowering local communities and inclusive economic development, thus providing equitable benefits to all parties involved (Nugroho, 2016).
Increasing environmentally conscious tourism, encouraging the growth of community-based tourism, and expanding the development of tourism products focused on environmental preservation are the foundations of the green economy concept used in the development of tourist destinations (Muallidin, 2007; Boyd, Osbahr, et al., 2008). Community involvement not only enhances the efficacy of green economy programs but also guarantees that tourist development is in line with environmental sustainability and local community welfare by encouraging a sense of ownership and responsibility among locals. Through the efforts of tourism awareness organizations, the community can be greatly influenced by community engagement, which is an essential part of community empowerment. Community empowerment is essential to improve the local population's well-being in a tourist hamlet (Purnomo, Rahayu, et al., 2020).
Communities now have the opportunity to improve their well-being thanks to the availability of tourist destinations that adopt the green economy concept (Owners, 2022). These tourist sites guarantee that economic development is in line with environmental care by encouraging sustainable practices, such as eco-friendly lodging, waste management programs, and the conservation of regional wildlife. Protecting the environment, people, and natural resources for the enjoyment of current and future generations is the aim of sustainable tourism (Hidayattuloh, Bambang, et al., 2020). This demonstrates the necessity of developing tourism villages by focusing on environmentally conscious management, including promoting the green economy idea in all village tourism-related activities (Altassan, 2023). In a green economy, employment and income growth are driven by public and private investment in economic activities, infrastructure, and assets that reduce pollution, improve energy and resource efficiency, prevent biodiversity loss, and protect ecosystems (Jacob, Quitzow, et al., 2015; Nhemachena, Jonas, et al., 2015). According Gamal, Rohmah, et al. (2024), private ownership arrangements frequently present difficulties for the administration and observation of public areas. This implies that accessibility and spatial fairness for local residents should be taken into account while developing sustainable tourism destinations. However, the concept of green economy tourism still frequently fails to meet managers' expectations, and some green economy concepts have not been adequately adopted in tourist areas (Dogaru, 2020) . In spite of the green economy framework's potential, as proposed by (Saragih, Purwoko, et al., 2024), it is necessary to create participatory planning models in order to enhance local development planning procedures, especially to ensure that tourism development is definitely in accordance with ecological values and the needs of the local community.
So far, there have been several studies that discuss tourism with the concept of green economy. These include studies on the application of the green economy (Nugroho, 2016), Collaboration between the public and business sectors, as well as local communities, is important for tourist policies. In this context, it is required to have a legal framework that supports the implementation of green economy tourism and protects the natural environment. In addition, (Blasi, Fano, et al., 2022) emphasized that collaboration among tourism organizations plays a crucial role in developing a sustainable and environmentally friendly tourism ecosystem, with green economy tourism offering substantial economic benefits. The approach of integrating local wisdom values in tourism, involving active community participation, aligns with the principles of green economic governance, which emphasizes environmental sustainability, social welfare, and local economic benefits. For instance, in West Bali National Park, efforts to harmonize environmental regulations with local cultural practices in developing ecotourism based on environmental law serve as a concrete example of green economic governance. This approach not only contributes to the conservation of West Bali National Park natural environment but also reinforces local cultural values while enhancing economic benefits for surrounding communities (Sugiartha, Dewi, et al., 2023).
The study by Houssam, Ibrahiem, et al. (2023) examines how the green economy impacts sustainable development through economic growth, poverty reduction, and employment rates in developing countries, areas where research remains limited (Houssam, Ibrahiem, et al., 2023). Existing literature often focuses on a single Sustainable Development Goal (SDG), raising questions about whether the green economy can accelerate progress across the full spectrum of SDGs. Recent studies on agriculture-based regional development in Thailand suggest that green economy approaches can be an effective foundation for sustainable spatial and economic transformation in developing regions (Ampha and Wongbumru, 2025) Additionally, empirical studies indicate a lack of research on drivers of sustainable development, especially in developing nations. Thus, it is essential to examine these factors and provide policymakers with recommendations for creating effective policies to achieve SDGs. Green policies must integrate environmental, social, and economic considerations to ensure equitable wealth distribution and provide equal opportunities for all societal groups. Economic incentives are also needed to encourage private sector investment in green sectors, such as procurement policies, differential pricing, and taxes, along with the promotion of renewable energy technologies by reducing equipment tariffs and eliminating fossil fuel subsidies. This study underscores the interconnectedness of the green economy and sustainable development, particularly in terms of social and economic dimensions related to poverty alleviation, decent work, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth. For future research, the study framework should be expanded to include additional SDGs, particularly SDG 1 (No Poverty), SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). Comparative analyses between developed and developing countries would also provide further insights into how green economy strategies can accelerate sustainable development across diverse contexts.
The study by Sadiq, Ngo, et al. (2023), examines the difficulties ASEAN nations face in accomplishing the SDGs, even in the face of notable economic and technical developments. Sadiq, Ngo, et al. investigated how well economic growth and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) aspects worked together to achieve the SDGs. They discovered a positive correlation between SDG achievement and ESG elements like corporate governance, social governance, and environmental governance. This finding suggests that businesses prioritizing ecological practices and maintaining effective communication with stakeholders are better positioned to contribute to these goals. In another study, for example in a mining area in an island province, it was found that green economy tourism can be a sustainable development strategy and contribute positively to local economic growth (Zukhri, Rosalina, et al., 2022). In this context, green economy tourism can create new jobs, increase local incomes and reduce poverty. However, the implementation of green economy tourism also faces several challenges. Ivars-Baidal, Vera-Rebollo, et al. (2023) explained the results of their research, one of which is the low awareness and understanding of the concepts and benefits of green economy tourism among tourism actors and the wider community. Therefore, effective education and campaigns need to be carried out to foster awareness and participation in green economy tourism (Ivars-Baidal, Vera-Rebollo, et al., 2023). Studies related to lifestyle changes and community mobility in the suburbs of Makassar also emphasize the urgency of integrating social and environmental dimensions in supporting sustainable development (Manaf, Amri, et al., 2024).
Overall, the above literature on green economy tourism highlights the importance of sustainable and environmentally friendly approaches in tourism development. The growing relevance of green economy principles in tourism development highlights the need for integrated and inclusive implementation strategies. Policy implementation and inter-organisational cooperation are main factors in creating sustainable tourism ecosystem. Green economy tourism can also provide significant economic benefits. However, a closer look reveals gaps in awareness and understanding, collaboration between stakeholders, research on economic benefits, and a legal framework that supports green economy tourism. Addressing these gaps through knowledge, research and policy development is critical to the successful implementation of green economy tourism.
Community-based tourism (CBT) is a type of tourism that focuses on strengthening the relationship between the local communities and the tourists. It places a strong emphasis on environmental stewardship, cultural preservation, and local empowerment (Manaf, Purbasari, et al., 2018; Risfandini, 2024; Darto, Aditiany, et al., 2025). It frequently incorporates traditional knowledge and practices to produce distinctive, sustainable tourism experiences.
There is a substantial association between CBT and green economic activities. The objectives of a green economy are directly supported by CBT activities, which commonly embrace green tourism concepts including ecological conservation, waste management, and sustainable resource usage (Prihayati and Veriasa, 2021; Djuwendah, Karyani, et al., 2023; Risfandini, 2024).
Bukit Peramun was selected as the research site due to its distinctive characteristics that align with the principles of community-based tourism and green economy practices. Located in Belitung Regency, Bangka Belitung Islands, Indonesia, Bukit Peramun represents a tourism destination with strong potential for integrating green economy initiatives into environmental management strategies. Bukit Peramun is among the attractions in Belitung, which has been designated by the Indonesian government as a priority tourism area under the "New Bali" initiative. As an emerging ecotourism site, it not only attracts visitors but also functions as a natural laboratory for testing the implementation of green economy approaches particularly in the areas of nature conservation, local community empowerment, and responsible resource utilization. The site offers a unique opportunity to examine how sustainable tourism development can be pursued through collaborative efforts involving communities, government, and civil society organizations. This study aims to explore the relationship between green economy practices and sustainability achievements at Bukit Peramun, Belitung, as a model of CBT with support from government and other stakeholders.
Amid rising interest in community-based and sustainable tourism, this study provides a novel approach by identifying how green economy strategies impact biodiversity conservation, community empowerment, and local economic enhancement. Through an analysis of collaboration among communities, government, and non-governmental organizations in environmental governance at Bukit Peramun, this research seeks to build a tourism ecosystem that is not only environmentally sustainable but also enriches local cultural heritage. The findings of this study are expected to offer strategic insights and policy recommendations for best practices in developing sustainable community-based green tourism in Indonesia.
The research approach in the following field study uses a descriptive qualitative research methodology. Research techniques known as qualitative approaches generate descriptive data in the form of words and images rather than numbers. The report results in descriptive qualitative research will include data quotations to provide a clear presentation of the findings. Data is collected through interviews, field notes, photos/images, personal documents, personal notes, and other official documents (Moleong, 2010). Data will be obtained from key informants involved in the management of Bukit Peramun, Belitung (Arsel Community), with data collection techniques employing observation, where researchers record information as they observe it during the study; interviews, a question-and-answer process that occurs verbally in which two or more individuals engage in face-to-face conversations to directly receive information or statements; and documentation, a data collection technique aimed at research subjects. Arsel Community was chosen because they are the founders and driving force behind tourism in Bukit Peramun. The documentation process in this study involves collecting supporting materials for the research data.
To analyze Green Economy Practices and Sustainability Achievement in Environmental Governance at Bukit Peramun, Belitung, we adopt the Quintuple Helix Innovation Model (QHIM) introduced in 2012 by (Carayannis, Barth, et al., 2012). This model integrates supporting indicators such as economic, political, social, educational, and environmental factors (UNESCO, 2016). He agrees that QHIM provides required knowledge for realizing all Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including environmental sustainability. The helix model, developed in response to the needs and progress of the economy and society, seeks to illustrate the dynamic relationships among societal actors. The advancement of information and communication technology has created a need for an additional helix to foster knowledge and innovation in society, which the government addresses through the development of the triple helix model. This model represents an innovation spiral emphasizing the importance of collaboration among the three helices and aligning the education system with labor market needs (Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff, 2000). The Quadruple Helix was introduced to accommodate the rapid progress of the knowledge society, adding a fourth element media and culture-based society to the initial three elements (Carayannis and Campbell, 2009; Carayannis, Barth, et al., 2012). The major worldwide difficulties and crises, including pollution and environmental deterioration, were primary motivators for the adoption of QHIM. The fifth dimension, the environment, highlights social change and the importance of the natural environment. In QHIM, the natural environment aspires to develop new green technology while preserving humanity (Barcellos-Paula, De la Vega, et al., 2021).
Source: Carayannis, Barth, et al. (2012)
In the QHIM, each system has a knowledge helix that serves as a connecting spiral to other systems. This relationship produces knowledge as an output from one system, which represents an input for another system inside QHIM. Figure 1 illustrates the continuous circulation of knowledge across the five systems, stimulating knowledge, sustainable development, and innovation creation, while also enabling each system to influence one another (Carayannis, Barth, et al., 2012). The social system, which embodies social information and capital held by society, serves as a fundamental element of innovation. Meanwhile, the environment represents a foundational factor in achieving a sustainable green economy.
The Helix model framework and innovation sustainability represent a combined analysis to stimulate a diverse society with varying perspectives. Thus, the helix model provides a conceptual framework focused on the interconnections and relationships between academia, economy, government, civil society, and the environment, while the SDGs offer a practical action plan with highly specific targets across domains such as politics, socio-economics, environment, and education (König, Suwala, et al., 2021). However, there is a need for a new measure that responds to the combination of these two frameworks. The aim of introducing this new composite measure is to formulate tools for researchers and policymakers to assess the effectiveness of the green economy in tourism management at Bukit Peramun, Belitung, as well as to address the management and innovation challenges for continuous sustainability. Indicators are created using 4 aspects and 8 indicators to analyze the green economy, encompassing the five dimensions of QHIM and incorporating five green economy indicators that utilize integrated sustainable infrastructure in ecotourism development (Pan, Gao, et al., 2018). Data analysis using selected coding should summarize or capture the essence of each data segment (Saldaña, 2013). Coding in this research was conducted using computer-assisted software. The coding process utilized Atlas.ti software version 9, which was then visualized to determine the categorization and themes of the research findings.
A sustainable tourism destination refers to a sustainable and environmentally conscious community strategically designed to utilise its natural and cultural assets to generate income through the tourism sector (Chan, Marzuki, et al., 2021). This forward-thinking approach seeks aims to implement green economy principles by integrating environmentally friendly practices, as well as conservation efforts into the village setting (Purnomo, Rahayu, et al., 2020). In a tourism destination, local residents collaborate to create a welcoming and authentic experience for visitors, showcasing the unique charm of their community while maintaining environmental responsibility (Susilorini, Ismail, et al., 2022).
By issuing regulation No. 14 of 2016 concerning Guidelines for Sustainable Tourism Destinations, the Ministry of Tourism in Indonesia has formalized the idea of sustainable tourism. By adapting the Global Sustainable Tourism Council's (GSTC) standards to the Indonesian context, this regulation makes it possible to incorporate local knowledge and cultural values. In order to create baseline data on the sustainability status of tourist destinations nationwide, the Indonesian government took additional actions after the regulation was issued. Using standards and metrics from the previously mentioned regulation, the Ministry of Tourism launched the Indonesia Sustainable Tourism Award (ISTA) to evaluate and quantify the sustainability of travel destinations (Lemy, Pramezwary, et al., 2019). This initiative reflects a commitment to ensuring that destinations can actively engage in the preservation of their surrounding natural landscapes and cultural heritage, which aligns with the concept of green economy tourism. By promoting sustainable and environmentally friendly economic growth in the tourism industry, tourism activities can be designed to make a positive long-term contribution to environmental well-being.
The concept of green economy tourism is understood as an approach that aims to promote sustainable and environmentally friendly economic growth in the tourism industry. This approach involves the proportional utilisation of natural resources, and the protection of the natural environment (Rome, 2000). By implementing green tourism practices, the development of a destination not only seeks to attract tourists seeking a mindful and sustainable tourism experience, but also to generate new revenue streams for local economy. Such revenue generation can contribute to economic growth of the community while maintaining a harmonious relationship with the environment. Discussing the idea of a prosperous, creative, smart, and sustainable tourist village requires a development approach that is in line with the principles of the green economy. This holistic concept emphasises that sustainable development strategies in tourism villages is a very important aspect, combining economic growth with environmental preservation and cultural sustainability (Purbadi and Lake, 2019).
The Belitung geosite area includes Bukit Peramun, which is situated in the settlement of aik selumar. Numerous fish species and Pelilean (Cephalopachus bancanus saltator), which define the biogeography of Belitung Island during the Last Maximum Glacial (LMG) period, are among the endemic biodiversity found there. Plants from Bukit Peramun are famous for their usage in herbal remedies made by the locals, who have inherited the knowledge of how to turn these plants into medicines. Since 2013, 115 hectares of Bukit Peramun have been managed as a communal forest by the aik selumar community (Arsel), with permission from the government. In 2016, the Arsel community began to offer eco-tourism under the motto “the sustainability of forests generates prosperity for the community”. Our research indicates that the residents of Bukit Peramun possess the resources and abilities needed to follow their entrepreneurial aspirations. They still lack the funding, market access, and expertise needed to implement their business ideas, though. The government, business community, and academic institutions are interested in supporting the development of Bukit Peramun as a result of the villagers' successful cooperation through community groups. As a result, the people of Bukit Peramun have successfully transformed the area into a well-liked travel destination for both local and international tourists. Locals now have more career options thanks to Bukit Peramun's tourism growth, working as tour guides and earning a good living while following their business objectives (Bhinekawati, Nelloh, et al., 2020). Bukit Peramun Assisted Village attracted 9,273 visitors between January and August of 2019 (Asia, 2019). The village also won green gold in the Indonesian Sustainable Tourism Awards (ISTA) category for Environmental Preservation.
The potential of Bukit Peramun lies in its unique ecological assets, characterized by endemic biodiversity and distinctive ecosystems, supported by community engagement reflected through local initiatives. The community has fostered collaboration among residents to promote sustainable eco-tourism practices. Bukit Peramun also boasts a thriving agro-ecological sector, actively involved in the conservation of local plant species and traditional herbal medicine. Its natural beauty, surrounded by unique Kerangas forests and diverse wildlife, enhances its appeal as a holistic eco-tourism destination. The establishment of community-based initiatives reflects the Bukit Peramun community's commitment to collaborative development, empowering local residents and ensuring responsible management of their natural resources.
Since 2017, Bukit Peramun has started implementing a digital QR Code system. Through this method, visitors can easily access information on flora and fauna in the 115-hectare forest. In 2020, Arsel Community perfected it by developing a digital information system in the form of the android application "Kepo" [Recognize Trees], which can directly display information on plant types through audio and video holograms. To be more interactive, there is also the Minizoo Virtual application. That way, visitors can interact with animals through 3D video objects, and can search for endangered animals with the GPS location base facility (Ismi, 2023).
The following documentation (Figure 2) showcases the potential of the natural resources in Bukit Peramun.
In line with the concept of a green economy, recognizing the advantages of the strategic location is further encouraged through a development strategy that utilizes the natural advantages possessed (Montt, Capaldo, et al., 2018). Among them are through the governance and development of tourist attractions by forming tour packages for visitors, with the utilization of technology such as video reality and marketing carried out at the first stop point for visitors such as airports. This can be an important element in supporting the strategy to advance the local economy. With the advancement of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), the evolution of the tourism industry has accelerated, pushing stakeholders to adapt and build a new ecosystem known as smart tourism (Jocom, 2022). The “smart” concept in smart tourism is the result of innovation in technology and information aimed at improving the effectiveness and quality of tourism services (Gajdošík, 2018). As a new ecosystem, smart tourism not only fosters innovation in technology implementation but also enhances tourists' experiences through a more intelligent, responsive, and integrated approach (Femenia-Serra and Neuhofer, 2018). Needless to say, Bukit Peramun exhibits a perfect example of how digital technology transforms tourism activities. The utilisation of Virtual and Augmented reality as part of tourism activities as part of grassroots innovation has revolutionised visitor engagement, offering immersive, interactive experiences that bridge digital innovation with local cultural and natural heritage. This transformative approach not only enriches the tourist experience but also sets a benchmark for sustainable, technology-driven tourism development.
Figure 3 summarizes the concept of sustainable production at Bukit Peramun. The role of the government in efforts to provide for tourism activists is needed because as a form of appreciation it also fully supports the increase in tourism competitiveness in the Belitung region, Bukit Peramun has received recognition from UNESCO as a global geopark, the existence of Bukit Peramun is able to grow 128 MSMEs around forming a sustainable ecosystem. Institutional management from Bukit Peramun itself is able to create its own software so that it is unlimited and can be used and shared with 74 tourism management communities in Belitung.
As Bukit Peramun showcases distinct yet complementary potential, there is a strategic opportunity in its commitment to community development. By leveraging its unique ecological assets and biodiversity, along with the community's commitment to sustainable eco-tourism and cultural preservation, Bukit Peramun has the potential to foster a narrative of progress driven by community engagement. The strategic integration of these elements lays the foundation for the holistic and prosperous growth of the local community. The active involvement of residents, supported by government initiatives, not only harnesses the inherent strengths of Bukit Peramun but also ensures that the benefits extend beyond tourism, significantly contributing to the broader concept of a green economy. Thus, the promising potential of Bukit Peramun as an eco-tourism destination is inherently supported by a strategic vision of community empowerment in the green economy, where sustainable practices and cultural preservation become the cornerstones of a thriving and empowered community. Figure 4 summarizes the above discussion on the topic of supply with green economy system. Another exemplary use of smart technology at Bukit Peramun is its sensor-connected smart fire detection system. Developed by the Peramun forest manager for early identification of forest fire hotspots, this system utilises a fire or smoke sensor such as a flame sensor or MQ-2 integrated with a microcontroller like Arduino. Sensors strategically placed throughout the forest continuously monitor environmental conditions and transmit signals to the microcontroller when high temperatures or dense smoke are detected as early indicators of a fire. Once the detected conditions exceed a predefined threshold, an automated siren is activated to promptly alert forest officers and the local community, enabling swift intervention. This proactive approach has proven highly effective in preventing the spread of fires and safeguarding the area.
Our research on sustainable consumption habits in Bukit Peramun is summed up in Figure 5. Sustainable tourism in destinations such as Belitung encounters several challenges, including limited accessibility due to its reliance on air travel. Additionally, there is a continuous need for innovation to enhance the well-being of local communities. Survey results showed that many people found the tourist attractions there less attractive. As a solution, virtual tour packages and interactive travel experiences have been expanded, alongside promotional efforts through community partnerships and government support. These initiatives aim to adapt to evolving tourism trends, which increasingly emphasize science-based tourism
Smart promotion programs are also carried out by strengthening the attractiveness of tourist sites, such as nature tours in the green forest, unique rock formations in Bukit Peramun and virtual tourism experiences such as seeing tarsius in their natural habitat. This strategy aims to address the changing needs of travelers, especially during the pandemic, where virtual tourism has become a popular alternative. This approach shows the importance of presenting a complete tourism concept, not just selling natural beauty, in order for tourism to grow sustainably.
Beautiful scenery may draw tourists, but what makes an impression that lasts is the combination of ecological awareness, community involvement, and cultural depth. The stories, customs, and means of subsistence of the locals are all interwoven in a comprehensive tourism concept, providing visitors with a deep immersion experience and generating economic benefits that extend beyond hotels and resorts. Through the promotion of Indonesia's rich cultural history through the arts, food, spiritual encounters, and community-based tourism, travel destinations foster deeper emotional bonds that promote longer stays, return visits, and polite conduct. Additionally, by preserving fragile ecosystems and cultural identities, this strategy turns tourism into a transformative exchange rather than only a business transaction.
Local Community Empowerment through Green Economy StrategyThe theoretical approach of sustainably managing materials and products throughout the life cycle, for example, from resource extraction, manufacturing and consumption to final management is known as a life cycle thinking framework or circular economy model, where environmental, social, and economic impacts are considered at each stage to minimize waste, conserve resources, and promote regenerative practices across systems. It encourages shifting from a linear “take-make-dispose” model to a more circular and sustainable one, where products are designed to be reused, repaired, or recycled, and industries are incentivized to close the loop.
The opportunity to "green" the tourism sector is not only environmentally friendly, but also promises substantial business savings through efficient resource management and local sourcing of supplies, materials and labour. The development of a restorative and regenerative economy that maintains resources in the best possible use and value throughout their life cycle is necessary to hasten the shift to a circular economy. However, leading the way in effective use of natural resources requires careful planning, thorough impact assessments, and effective management of the water-energy-food nexus (especially in water-scarce countries). A green economy model that leverages integrated sustainable infrastructure to promote ecotourism is shown in Figure 6 below (Pan, Gao, et al., 2018).
Source: Pan, Gao, et al. (2018)
Based on the green economy model combined with sustainable infrastructure, the community empowerment component is part of a participatory orientation with the aim of managing and utilising existing community resources. Community empowerment serves as a key instrument that facilitates and enhances community participation in development. This means that community empowerment and development is an integral part of the nation's progress, especially as it relates to community skills (Eimermann, Agnidakis, et al., 2017). Green economy initiatives in the tourism sector include sustainable tourism development, such as environmentally friendly, cultural, and community-based tourism, which contributes to increasing social solidarity and encouraging sustainable tourism development (Hidayat, Yasin, et al., 2023). It also emphasizes the aspects of local community empowerment and inclusive economic development (Nguyen, D’Hauteserre, et al., 2022).
In the context of green economy development at the village level, the involvement of local communities is recognized as a key factor in promoting the achievement of sustainable tourism development (Nurhasanah, 2018; Li, Zeng, et al., 2022). This aligns with the concept of bottom-up development solutions aimed at educating and sensitizing the community as the main subject of development, moving away from the outdated paradigm that views people merely as objects of development. Community empowerment and participation are essential concepts for accelerating regional development on a micro or rural scale, and this empowerment must be matched by high levels of community participation to effectively implement programs. Therefore, the role of stakeholders in promoting sustainable tourism development must be emphasized, demonstrating that the goals of sustainable tourism can be achieved through the voluntary involvement of local communities (Wlokas, Westoby et al., 2017; Gidebo, 2019).
Based on preliminary observations and alignment with sustainable tourism principles, Bukit Peramun in Belitung demonstrates potential for implementing CBT. Its development strategy is guided by existing regulations that support sustainable tourism destinations. The management of the tourism initiative at Bukit Peramun is formed through community meetings led by local leaders and includes participation from various stakeholders such as youth leaders, village-owned enterprises, and community groups focused on tourism. This structure highlights the active involvement of different societal elements in managing the tourism development process. Thus, the established regulations provide a solid foundation for sustainable economic development in Bukit Peramun through the green economy principles.
The concept of a tourist village reflects collaboration among various parties, including the government, local communities, and entrepreneurs, emphasizing the community's critical role in decision-making processes that affect their lives and environment. The involvement of local communities is vital for sustaining tourism development, suggesting that stakeholders such as residents play an essential role in promoting sustainable tourism (Lo, Ramayah, et al., 2014). This approach represents not just a concept but also a paradigm shift in how we understand and practice tourism. In the context of sustainable tourism, community empowerment encompasses multiple dimensions. It involves the active participation of residents in decision-making processes that directly affect their communities, ensuring that the voices of those who call this destination home are heard and valued, thereby fostering a sense of ownership and pride in sustainable development initiatives at Bukit Peramun.
Challenges and Efforts in Developing Bukit PeramunIn the context of the development of Bukit Peramun tourism village in Balitung, collaboration between the government and local residents serves as the foundational pillar for green economy-based economic empowerment. Green economy tourism aims for sustainable and environmentally friendly economic growth. The fundamental principles of a tourism village that adopts a green economy emphasize tourism activities that prioritize environmental sustainability, the development of tourism products grounded in nature conservation, and the promotion of community-based tourism that incorporates local wisdom. Community participation through tourism awareness groups (Pokdarwis) is essential in empowering Bukit Peramun as a Desa Wisata (tourism village). Management that integrates environmental considerations in line with green economy principles is facilitated through village-owned enterprises, also known as BUMDes Bukit Peramun. Under the regulatory framework of the balitung regional regulation No.7/2020, the establishment of a tourism village manager through village deliberation involves various community elements, emphasizing the importance of participation and collaboration.
Despite the opportunities that Bukit Peramun offers for communities to improve their welfare, the implementation of the green economy concept faces several challenges. Interviews revealed insights regarding the challenges of tourism village governance. The identification of governance challenges at Bukit Peramun highlighted obstacles, including communication gaps and community understanding, as well as a lack of support from the Tourism Office. According to the head of the sub-directorate of renbang for agriculture and food, issues related to communication with the tourism office stemmed from frequent personnel changes within the department, necessitating the rebuilding of relationships and understanding with new personnel.
These challenges emerged not only from personnel changes but also from the community's understanding of planning a tourism village. Despite facilitation efforts, gaps remain in effectively transferring this understanding from facilitators and local authorities to community members. The expected outreach from the Tourism Office has not reached the desired levels. While these challenges underscore the complexity of managing a tourism village, a crucial aspect is the level of collaboration between stakeholders and local communities. Recognizing the need for collective action to address governance challenges, a collaboration between stakeholders and local communities has emerged as a strategic response.
Further examining the challenges, interview results indicated efforts made, such as local government initiatives in infrastructure development, including roads and public facilities. These efforts have significantly contributed to the development of tourism in Bukit Peramun. A noteworthy aspect is the collaboration between the Culture and Tourism Agency and the local tourism community, which reflects a conscious effort to maximize the utilization of local potential. This cooperative strategy ensures that tourism development aligns with local needs and broader regional goals. Initiatives like holding village events, partnering with community development programs, and supporting MSMEs reflect a collective effort to enhance the village's economic landscape.
Additionally, establishing a Penta helix network, which includes business entities, tourism communities, and village tourism associations (pokdarwis), signals a strategic move to effectively engage diverse stakeholders. Collaboration with Tourism Driving Group exemplifies these efforts with the tourism community, aiming to harness collective potential for village development. In summary, collaborative efforts between stakeholders, local communities, and government agencies are crucial for effectively navigating and overcoming challenges in developing Bukit Peramun as a tourism village. By fostering positive dynamics, building strategic networks, and actively engaging various parties, these collaborative approaches form the cornerstone for sustainable and successful tourism development in Belitung.
Implications of the Green Economy Concept for the Welfare of Local CommunitiesThe concept of the green economy has emerged as an innovative solution for achieving sustainable and environmentally friendly economic growth. By highlighting practices that prioritize not only financial gains but also social and environmental impacts, green economy presents new opportunities for local communities to enhance their well-being. In the context of tourism villages and local communities, the implementation of green economy principles not only promotes economic diversification but also strengthens cultural identity and preserves the surrounding environment. The concept of green economy emphasizes sustainable development, environmental conservation, and community welfare. The green economy concept also includes the integration of economic, social and environmental pillars in the context of sustainable development. It aims to improve human welfare and social justice while significantly reducing environmental risks (Musvoto, Nortje, et al., 2015; Bilgaev, Dong, et al., 2020). Village tourism plays an important role in increasing the income of local communities, promoting local culture, and developing economic potential based on local wisdom so that it contributes to the welfare of local communities (Leonandri and Rosmadi, 2018). The implications of the green economy concept for the well-being of local communities in Bukit Peramun tourist village are profound and transformative. Implementing green economy not only contributes to environmental sustainability but also significantly impacts the social and economic welfare of residents. Research findings indicate that the implications of the green economy in Bukit Peramun include economic diversification, which encourages business practices utilizing existing natural resources, thus successfully creating new sources of income for the community.
Awareness of building inclusiveness through effective community empowerment opens up opportunities for skills development and capacity building among the local labor force. The emphasis on local wisdom serves as a strong attraction for culturally curious travelers, fostering a sense of pride among locals and creating economic opportunities linked to the village’s unique characteristics. Furthermore, the support of collaborative networks with policymakers enhances access to basic services as Bukit Peramun develops under the green economy paradigm. This includes improvements in health services, education, and infrastructure. In this context, Bukit Peramun, as the subject of research, actively integrates the concept of the green economy into its operational activities. Collaborative networks and development strategies are implemented, ensuring that tourism grows in harmony with community life. This indicates that the implications of the green economy in the tourism village program at Bukit Peramun are being implemented effectively.
The concept of a Green Economy has far-reaching implications for the well-being of local communities in Bukit Peramun tourist village. By implementing sustainable practices, the community can create economic opportunities, preserve its cultural heritage, empower residents, and contribute to the conservation of its natural surroundings, fostering a harmonious balance between economic development and environmental and social well-being.
Community empowerment efforts in sustainable tourism extend beyond mere economic considerations. While economic benefits are crucial, empowerment also encompasses the preservation and celebration of local cultural heritage. Therefore, effective environmental management is an integral aspect of community empowerment in sustainable tourism. Despite facing challenges, this research highlights that Bukit Peramun has immense potential. The village serves as an exemplary model for integrating agronomy, agro-industry, and the wonder of nature within its tourism offerings. Bukit Peramun demonstrates the power of community-based tourism development, combining agro-eco-education and rich cultural experiences to create an immersive and educational destination for visitors. Thus, the research conclusions serve as a basis to view challenges as opportunities for improvement and to enhance synergy among the government, local communities, and tourism stakeholders in achieving sustainable governance and development in Bukit Peramun.
Bukit Peramun exemplifies how grassroots innovation in digital technology can promote green economy practices and environmental protection within the tourism sector. By integrating smart tourism principles with local ecological and cultural assets, Bukit Peramun sets a benchmark for sustainable and immersive technology-based destination management.
Conceptualization, U.B.R., T.R and R.K.; methodology, T.A., S.A and P.W.D.P; data curation, All authors; formal analysis, U.B.R., T.R and R.K; visualization, U.B.R., S.A and P.W.D.P; validation, T.A., S.A and P.W.D.P; writing—original draft preparation, U.B.R., T.R and R.K; writing—review and editing T.R, S.A, R.K ., T.A and P.W.D.P; supervision, T.A.
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of the paper.
This research was supported by a research grant from the Research Organization for Governance, Economy, and Community Welfare, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) under grant number CRC RP2.B-06. The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude for this support.
Artificial Intelligence tools, including ChatGPT and Quillbot, were utilized in this research to assist with translation from Bahasa Indonesia to English, and to enhance the grammar and consistency of the article. Human oversight was maintained throughout the process to validate and ensure the accuracy of AI-generated suggestions.
This research was funded by a research grant from the Research Organization for Governance, Economy, and Community Welfare, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) under grant number CRC RP2.B-06.
