抄録
Berard Mandeville has been exposed to various criticisms. But I believe the critics were sticking only to his texts so superficially that they failed to discover what Mandeville really meant with his apparent contradictions. But once we penetrate deep into his writings, we can see what he really wanted to insist was a pessimistic anthropology, which is not only compatible with but also inevitable component for a more honest understanding of the free society.
