ドイツにおける教育改革の動向(I 課題論文「転換期ヨーロッパの教育改革」)

抄録

The Federal Republic of Germany comprises 16 Lander. The "Basic Law", the Federal German constitution, prescribes that Lander have the fundamental responsibility for education. The federal authorities are granted limited powers, such as the right to enact outline legislation with regard to general principles involved in the higher education system, scientific research, and so on. Each Lander makes educational reforms in primary and secondary education. Various reforms are mediated by the Standing Conference of Lander Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs. The Federal Ministry of Education, Science, Research, and Technology, the Lander, the Wissenschaftsrat, and the Conference of Rectors and Presidents of Universities and Other Institutions of Higher Learning play important parts in the reform of higher education. In Germany, the harsh fiscal situation, dynamic trends in the population, and other factors influence the educational system. Consideration is being given to the reform of the school system, including the retention of the Hauptschule, the improvement of the quality of upper level in the Gymnasium, the coordination of the educational systems between the territory of the former East Germany and West Germany, the expansion and enhancement of higher education, and so on. Recent educational developments in Germany are analyzed according to the following outline: Preface 1. Educational administration and finance (1) Responsibilities and administration in education (2) The opposition between the federal ministries and the Lander concerning the enhancement of higher education 2. Primary and secondary education (1) The traditional tripartite system (2) Upper-level reform in the Gymnasium (3) The number of years in school necessary for obtaining the allgemeine Hochschulreife (4) Curricular reform 3. Higher Education (1) The enhancement of the Fachhochschule (2) The reduction of the duration of study (3) The evaluation of educational activities 4. Teachers (1) The shortage and surplus of teacher (2) Teachers in the territory of the former East Germany Conclusion