Abstract
The synthesis of various researches on participatory organizations opens a world of new research. The features of this new research are as follows. 1) Participatory organizations such as self-management enterprises, cooperatives, co-determination enterprises, employee ownership enterprises, non-profit organizations, and non-government organizations have the tendency that the values of human nature are much evaluated in those organizations. 2) These values of human nature can be called human values and classified as values belonging to self-realization, management ethics, organization principle, and contribution to society, etc. These human values could be studied systematically. 3) A part of participatory organizations, such as cooperatives has the efficiency problem that has been investigated theoretically and empirically. Now, the efficiency analysis must be adapted to whole participatory organizations, considering human values at the same time. 4) The innovations of participatory organizations are classified into some qualitatively different types.
