清水甚吾の「作問中心の算術教育」における算術学習帳の位置

抄録

In this paper, we discussed the formation process and the characteristics of the arithmetic workbook edited by Zingo Shimizu in 1933 and 1934. He was a leading arithmetic teacher of Sakumon-centered Arithmetic Education which had been put into practice under the leadership of the director Takezi Kinoshita at the elementary school attached to Nara Women's University since the middle of the Taisho period. The arithmetic workbook was made to answer questions and requirements form elementary school teachers who worried about how to implement Sakumon-centered Arithmetic Education into their classes. The major problems were as follows: (1) Children had a tendency to make the same arithmetic problem; (2) The problems posed by children were on the whole easy in the higher classes of elementary school; (3) It was very difficult to treat the national textbook with reference to the problems posed by children; and (4) Teachers were worried that they failed to make children obtain satisfactory results on the performance of computation. In response to these requests, Shimizu developed a new curriculum which was intended to coordinate children's mathematical activities in daily life and the contents of the national textbook. But, this curriculum required a great deal of teacher's efforts in implementing into classes. Then, he set himself to make the arithmetic workbook which was in conformity to ideas of Sakumon-centered Arithmetic Education and could be used together with the national textbook in class by teachers. Through discussing the characteristics of the arithmetic workbook, we pointed out that firstly it was the utilizable learning resources for teachers to encourage children's qualitative thinking, secondly it covered the demand of the national textbook, thirdly it was affected by the spirit of that time, totalitarianism. The Shimizu's attempt should be evaluated on the point that he developed it as a mediator between the two national textbooks, Black Cover and Green Cover.