Abstract
Recently there are many failure studies in Japan. Various movements related to the failure, such as the start of the knowledge practical usage study group and the inauguration of the failure society, are made. In this paper, firstly we propose the failure model-1 which expand the Sauer model and the Miwa/Sawada model. Secondly, we added two processes to the model-1 and propose the failure model-2 in which IS user is treated as a stakeholder too. Finally we consider the effectiveness of two models through a few case studies.
