Difficulty in swallowing in the second stage may be categolized into three different types such as;
1. that due to aspiration, 2. that due to stenosis or obstruction, and
3. that due to others, for example, due to pain etc.
They can be driven by malfunction of many factors, local or central, organic or functional.
Several case reports were shown in this series and clinical entities of these various malfunctions were discussed with special refereace to Sheir pathogenesis and therapeutic standpoint.
