球技の戦術研究における基礎としての球技の分類に関する一考察

抄録

    Generally speaking, the designation “ball game" (Jap. kyugi) is used as a comprehensive term to describe those sports in which a ball plays a central role, usually as an object of dispute between opposing players or teams. In practice however, it is customary, indeed necessary, to draw distinctions between the different types of ball games - to consider them as independent - when involved in training activities or studies in a particular sport. Thus, a classification of the various sports gathered under the comprehensive term “ball game" is necessary when it comes to conducting research aimed at determining the similarities and differences between, or the uniqueness of, the tactics employed in the various types of ball games. Further, the development of programs of instruction or training for a specific ball game, or ball games generally, is, of necessity, dependent on various factors: an relationships to other games in term of strategic and tactical similarities, differences or uniqueness.

    This study uses the existing classifications for ball games as a basis for the formulation of a new system. The new classification has, at its root, an understanding of the function of the ball - the object of dispute - and the manner of dealing with it. As a consequence of this approach, it was possible to arrive at a clearer over-all classification of ball games.

    Research results indicated that, when the emphasis is on dealing with the ball, the following points should be used as standard criteria for the classification of ball games.

    1) Dealing with the ball as a team or as an individual.

    2) The size of the playing field.

    3) Ball games in which possession of the ball or right of priority to it is on the offensive side or on the defensive side.

    4) Ball games in which competition is for points gained within a set number of tries, attempts or times, games in which there is competition for points whithin a set time period, and games where there is competition to be the first to win a set number of points.

    5) Ball games in which opponents simultaneously occupy the area of a playing field and games in which this is not the case.

    6) Ball games with physical contact technique of physical contact and ball games whithout such physical contact technique of physical contact.

    A classification system using these crijeria makes it possible to identify the special tactics employed in the various games. From these, it is then possible to derive systematic generalizations.