The "Intelligence" in the School Physical Education and Its Development : An Educational Physiolosy II

Abstract

The school physical education should be proposed as the "intelligent" physical education because to be required for the curriculum research in the modern information society finely selects the instructional contents. The contents of its "intelligence" are "the behavioral programming ability" and/or "the motor goal-making ability" which are mainly related to the functions of the frontal association area (prefrontal area) in the cerebral cortex. According to the development of the human motor function from a phylogenetic point of view on the cerebellum, the archicerebellum is involved in the control of posture through the input-output connections with the vestibular system. Because the paleocerebellum recieves both cortical and peripheral inputs and feeds back to the cerebral cortex and to the periphery for updating the on-going movement (closed loop), it may be part of a follow-up correcting mechanism or a comparator. Since the neocerebellum recieves the input from the frontal association area of the cortex and feeds forward the output to the motor cortex (open loop), it is involved with the association cortex in preprogramming of the intended movement (Allen & Tsukahara, 1974). Firstly, therefore, the control of posture develops in the human motor function, next, the motor control by the correcting mechanism of envolving movement, and finally, the behavioral program-dependant motor control. The control of posture and the motor control by the correcting system are related to the basic motor patterns in a human being. These functions begin to develop from about four or five years old and roughly reach to the same as adult until the low grades of the elementary school. Until this period, therefore, the basic motor pattern should be developed in the school physical education. Since the behavioral program-dependent motor control begin to develop from about nine or ten years old, it was proposed that the serial information processing capacity was promoted in the teaching-learning process used the ball game as a material from the high grades of the elementary school.