In his seminal paper Possible roles of psychology in the very distant future, Masanao Toda has given his perspective on the long-term development of our society, science, and technology. In his perspective, which I call the development-in-parallel hypothesis, human-social science was expected to develop in parallel to the development of natural science. In contrast to this hypothesis, I will propose the development-in-nested-structure hypothesis, which states that natural science on general things is needed to launch information science on computer as a special class of things, and information science on general computers is needed to launch cognitive science on brain as a special class of computers. I discuss the possible roles of cognitive science in the future: Cognitive science needs to play a central role in leading the third class of science.
