中国における大学の設置・主管形態に関する研究 : 非国立セクター化の動向に着目して(II 研究報告)

抄録

Recently university reforms in China have been promoted under the guidance of economical reform. It is especially important that the administration and the management of universities has shifted from the national government to local governments and the autonomy of administration magnified. As a result, the establishment and the management forms were diversified. Universities were thus established and managed not only by the national government (=national sector) but by local governments, enterprises owned by groups, social organizations and individuals (=non-national sector). Thus, the contemporary trend in China indicates a drastic changeover in the relationship between the nation and universities. In our country, recently, because of financial difficulties, various arguments about privatization or incorporation (=giving government agencies a greater degree of autonomy) of national universities are offered. The promotion and expansion of university education is a very important theme of policy in any nation because it links to the national development and prosperity. China is not the exception. Therefore, we can gain many suggestions from researching them. Researching the transition of the establishment and the management forms of about 1060 universities in all China, this paper aims to explain the characteristics and the problems of the shift to local governments and the appearance of various kinds of establishments. First, it becomes clear that the establishment and the management of universities has shifted to local governments and is managed in concert with several agencies. Second, it becomes clear that the shift to local governments are related to the economical development in its area. Third, newly emerged universities established in economically developing provinces are examined. With these backgrounds in mind we can point out the fact that according to local economical development the labor market was enlarged and labor contents technically intensified. As a result, learning mediums or high techniques come to be in demand. From this study, the following findings were obtained : As the characteristics of the shift to non-national sectionalization, 1) Universities are changing from training schools for the elite into schools opened to the public. 2) University services to society come to the front, and, taking this opportunity, the university becomes lively. This is a distinctive feature of the university in China. 3) The policy making system in the university turns from the directive system by The Communist Party to a council system by many constituents. This shows that the administration and the management of the university has separated from the guidance of The Communist Party. Besides, there are such problems as economical development among the areas in China that will bring an imbalance in the contents of higher education. Moreover, there is a risk of debasement in the quality of education because the enrollment of students has increased in number and too many private universities have been established. After national control was relaxed in China, it is inescapable that various problems have to be solved which appear while the university is popularized, privatized and put on the market.