Biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel have been promoted as a climate change solution for the transport sector, including automobiles. Biofuels blended with conventional fuels have also been tested in the marine sector to comply with the IMO GHG regulations. As most biofuels are currently produced from land-based crops, there is a concern that increased consumption of biofuels may require agricultural expansion at a global scale, leading to additional carbon emissions. This effect is called Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC). This survey report describes a series of sustainability criteria and GHG emissions of biofuels used in the transport sector by referring to the EU Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001/EU (EU-RED II). High ILUC-risk feedstocks are determined and the share of biofuels produced from food and feed crops is intended to be limited and gradually reduced to zero. In contrast, low ILUC-risk biofuels are certified, and advanced biofuels produced from wasted biomass are recommended for future use.
