2022 Volume 48 Issue 2 Pages 193-203
The objective of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of single-case experimental treatment studies for toilet training of children with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disabilities using “Criteria for Designs That Meet Evidence Standards” created by What Works Clearinghouse based on a behavioral approach. The effect size of the seven literary references ultimately extracted for incorporation into the meta-analysis was 0.77 [0.66–0.88]. As a result of categorizing the target behavior into three types (only urination/only defecation/including excretion-related behavior), four literary references dealt with only urination, with an effect size of 0.88 [0.75–1.00]. It was evident that practical studies on bladder training are progressing; therefore, it is necessary to conduct further practical studies that focus on defecation training for cases without encopresis, following the criteria for designs that meet the evidence standards.
