Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the concept of the learners' factor, learning environment, and learning outcomes in the third-and fourth-year students' seminar, and then consider the relationships among these concepts. In this study, we conducted a survey of 13 universities using a questionnaire form and rating scale for 387 students. Because the multilevel data collected in this study includes individual and seminar levels, we divided the 304 students' data into "Within model" and "Between model" categories and calculated the correlation coefficients. The results of the analysis indicate that the following three variables correlate positively with the sense of community, growth in the skills of problem solving and personal relationship development, and satisfaction in seminar levels: (1) students' expectations for the learning environment as the reason for attending the seminar; (2) their motivation for aspiring to learn in cooperation with others; and (3) the teacher's instructional techniques.
