Article ID: 47016
This study aimed to identify tutoring strategies used in real-time online tutoring in writing centers of Japanese higher education. The research identified seven steps in the tutoring strategy consisting of the four stages of preparation, introduction, development and summary. These did not significantly differ from those of face-to-face tutoring. Six components of the tutoring strategy were derived, including: “Understanding students' stumbling blocks and levels of comprehension through observations and questions that vary from face-to-face sessions,” “Recognizing the advantages and challenges unique to online screen-based sessions and determing the best way to address to them,” and “Trying to deal with system related issues effectively to prevent discruptions.” The tutors also considered non-verbal cues, such as the learners' gaze and the sound of keyboard input. These cues were interpreted differently compared to, face-to-face interactions. By doing so, tutors were able to gauge the learners' understanding and stumbling blocks, responding in ways distinct from face to face tutoring. Consequently, it is evident that some components are specifically tailored to the online environment.
