Article ID: 48016
In this study, we examined what direct and indirect assessments in higher education measure respectively, and how students can be classified as the research question. We used data from the Student Survey conducted by the Center for Higher Education Studies at Waseda University in 2021, combined with academic data (n = 7,454). GPA was used as the direct assessment and the student survey was used as the indirect assessment. The validation results showed that there was little correlation between the direct and indirect assessments (r = .07). In explaining the low correlation between these assessments, we found that the direct assessment (GPA) was positively correlated with diligence, while the indirect assessment (Student Survey) was positively correlated with active participation and attitude in class, and negatively correlated with anxiety and worries. Students with lower scores on the indirect assessment tended to be more worried about their own personality and abilities, interpersonal relationships, mental health, and career and employment prospects. Using these assessments as axes, we classified the students into four types.
