Abstract
Gut microbiota plays an important role in maintaining host health through: (i) supplying various nutrients, (ii) regulating energy
balance, (iii) modulating the immune response, and (iv) defensing against pathogens. Several studies have shown that pro-biotics
and pre-biotics could modulate microbiota and immune response. In addition, the bioactive metabolites released by pro-biotics,
namely post-biotics, have been shown to inhibit pathogen growth, maintain microbiota balance, and regulate an immune response.
This review summarizes the studies regarding the impact of pro-biotics, pre-biotics, and post-biotics on gut microbiota and immune
systems.
