放牧と垣内

耕牧輪換研究・第3報

抄録

Geographers as well as historians seem not to have yet perfectly discussed about cattle pasturage in Japan. On the contrary, they have fairly perfectly discussed about Kaito (i.e. inside of the fence). I wish to find out the missing links by studying cattle pasturage of mountain villages. I have found that such key words as stubble grazing, infield and outfield, open-field system and Flurzwang could be helpful for analizing the mountain villages where pasturage prevails. Generally speaking, cattle are palisaded in the mountain pasture in Japan. The Weilers or lockere Haufendorf, where instead of their enclosing cattle, fields and houses are palisaded to prevent cattle from damaging houses and vegetables, can nowadays be found in isolated mountain regions in Japan. There are two traditional kinds of stockade. One is a stockade which palisades a house and the attached field, and the other is that which palisades the whole lockere Haufendorf, and this may be called a larger palisade. Inside of a larger palisades is called Kakiuchi (inside of a fence). Outside of it is called Kakisoto (outside of a fence). In Chugoku mountain district, Kakiuchi, where cultivation is dominant but stubble grazing is managed, could be assumed to be infield. Kakisoto, where pasturage is dominant but cultivation, though on a small scale, is managed, could be assumed to be outfield. The alternation of cultivation and pasturage was seen not only in infield but also in outfield. So far as the alternation of cultivation and pasturage is concerned, the Makihata system in the Oki Islands is to be remembered. The Makihata system is apt to be regarded as an exceptional case that accidentally happened to exist in Japan.
I wish to claim that the Makihata system has not happened accidentally by pointing out systematically various cases of the alternation of cultivation and pasturage not only in infield but also in outfield.
The type of fences could be classified in four groups, such as A, AB, B, C. The alternation of pasturage and cultivation in outfield could be classified in I, II, III.
The alternation of pasturage and cultivation in infield could be classified in α, β. The above-mentioned three types are combined to make ABIα. BIIIβ, …… and so on.
The succession of the alternation will be such as follows, (1) A→ABIIα-C or (2) A→ABIIα→ABIIIα-C In these cases ABII or ABIII were climaxes.
In the case of (1), ABII could be pointed out in Torikamimura; and in the case of (2), ABIII, in the Oki Islands.
Fairly flat, fertile and isolated islands which were compelled to be selfsufficient in cereals came to manage the Makihata system. In fact, in many regions, irregular alternation of cultivation and pasturage in outfield succeeded to forest cattle grazing.
A theory attained by studying fenced lockere Haufendorf in remote cattle pasturage regions could be helpful to studying Jori system and ancient history of Jori-prevailing region.