乾燥農業と灌漑農業との間に
北パキスタン農村でのフィールドノートから
1964 年 16 巻 1 号 p. 40-63
詳細
1964 年 16 巻 1 号 p. 40-63
The regional evolution of agriculture could be estimated by the degree which the natural environment has been changed and the techniques employed to this end. This view-point would be realized in the following indicaters;
1) land utilization 2) crop rotation system 3) the methods adopted to keep or increase the soil fertility and 4) type of rural economy. From such a point of view, how farming type has been changed by the introduction of irrigation, in the semi-arid region, is treated in this article. The author had the opportunity to stay in the northern part of west, Pakistan in 1962. He took the two sample villages for the intensive survey, one is Sagri that is dry farming village and the other is Mohammud Abad that depends on irrigation farming. He found many differences between them and regarded dry farming as the original type and irrigation farming as the developed type.
As his conclusion, the author compared these two types of West Pakistan agriculture with those of Europe and Japan. In Europe, the original type is represented by three field system and the developed type is by Norfolk system of husbandry. In Japan, the original type is by paddy farming before 19th century and the developed type is by it in 20th century. Through these comparisons, the original type of West Pakistan resembles to that of West Europe and its developed type has much resemblance to that of Japan.
Why has such a transformation of farming type occured in the semi-arid region of West Pakistan through the introduction of irrigation? The author pointed out two important aspects of this problem.
1) Although the agriculture of West Pakistan has many cattle, the nature of their association is literally crop cultivation and cattle breeding. As these two branches of agriculture is crudely combined, we could not call them as mixed farming. Mixed farming has no conditions to be developed there because of the dry climate and the low stage of economic development.
2) Agriculture of West Pakistan is characterized by the existence of many small holdings, that is also common feature of Asian countries. This character strengthens the trend to Japanese type of agriculture in its developed type, not to West European way.
