古代ギリシア・ローマの帯圏説に関する覚書

抄録

The object of this paper is to trace the parallels and climates found out in the old maps published in Europe in and after the opening years of modern times, to its origin.
First of all, the zone theory, divided the land surface into five parts by the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn and the polar circles, have been closely connected with the thoughts of the Pythagorean School. This zone theory was accomplished by Aristotle. The idea on the arctics of Aristotle, however, had been extremely variable. According to the spread of geographical knowledge among Greeks, the zone theory by Aristotle had to be revised. By setting the arid zones under the both tropics, Poseidonius urged to divised the land surface into seven regions. On the other hand, Polybius set forth a six division theory that there is an ecumene directly under the equator thoroughly. But the zone theory of Strabo adopted a classical form which was handed down the medieval ages.
Secondly, though climate had been primarily a word meaning ‘latitude’, according to Strabo it was becoming a word which designated specifically certain latitudes. The klimata of Hipparchus was only incompletely represented by Strabo, In contrast to Eratosthenes who divided the climate rather arbifranily, Hipparchus' lines of the klimata were drawn every 1/4 hour during the daytime in the summer solstice. As for Marinus and Ptolemy, they strictly distinguished the conception of parallels and that of klimata. And in view of the results so far achieved, at last they have taken a word of meaning; the former is a line, and the latter a zone.
At intervals of 1/4 hour, both Marinus and Ptolemy drew the parallels. The seven standard climates of Ptolemy had been distributed according to the line of parallels through Meroe, Syene, Alexandria, Rhodes, Hellespont, the middle of Pontus (Black Sea), the mouth of River Borysthenes. On the Geographice Hyphegesis of Ptolemy we cannot find out his thoughts concerning klimata, but his seven klimata system is found in the chapter 7. 8. 12 Vol.2, and chapter 11 Vol.6, of Almagest. And then the author presumes that klimata of Marinus must have been those that were drawn at every 1/4 hour as shown in chapter 15, Vol.1, of Ptolemy's Geography.