戦後日本における性別分業の動態

女性の職場進出と二重の障壁

抄録

This paper measures longitudinal changes in women's participation in employment. Excluding women employed in family enterprises, we focus on the modern sexual division of labor, the division between occupational and domestic labor.
In the 1948-94 figures of women's employment status based on the Japan Labor Force Survey, we observe an increasing number of part-time workers and a stable number of full-time workers.
Further details are given with personal histories of Japanese women collected through a 1985 nationwide survey. [1] Of those who worked full-time before marriage, only 20% remain working full-time at the childrearing stage (CRS). [2] Of those who were not employed at CRS, 20% enter full-time employment at post-CRS. [3] The numerical values of 20% are consistent among all cohorts. [4] More women enter part-time employment at post-CRS.
The findings imply a partial shift in the postwar sexual division of labor : Japanese women have poured into short-term or part-time employment, while there has been no change in their participation in long-term and full-time employment. This means a separate movement in the barrier against employment of women. To explain that movement, we should reject the accepted theory that the barrier is monolithic.