抄録
Thought before writing is necessary for convincing compositions. However, many students become stuck when they don't know how to plan or what to think about; they choose a theme that seems easy and proceed with whatever comes to mind. The authors gave undergraduate international students four exercises: for supporting claims, "Giving pertinent examples" and "Stating multiple reasons" for strengthening claims, "Stating an opposing viewpoint and refuting it" and for making points clear, "Establishing definitions and scope". As a result, the students showed awareness of choosing examples and reasons, as well as requirements for argumentation, and could closely examine their themes.
