ジュナイドの「原初の契約」におけるファナーとバカー

抄録

The aim of this paper is to consider Junayd’s theory concerning the “primordial covenant” (Q7: 172) through an analysis of the concepts of “fanā'” (annihilation) and “baqā'” (subsistence) in his writings. In early Sufism (Islamic Mysticism), Junayd and other ṣūfis referred to this verse in the Qur'ān, because it represents the ideal relationship between Allāh and human beings. Before human beings in their pre-existence made a contract known as the “primordial covenant,” they had been unified with Allāh. According to Junayd, this situation is “eternity without begining” (azal); the term “fanā'” is used to explain that human beings melt into Allāh, and is used to show that this condition continues. In order to achieve this ideal condition, there are three stages of “fanā'” and four stages of “tawḥīd.” On the one hand, the term “fanā'” means to annihilate the self, by removing its attributes and feelings. On the other hand, “tawḥīd” (unity), which only the “elite” can achieve, is regarded as the ultimate level. At this level, the human, who is “like a shadow,” is annihilated by the response made in the primordial contract. When ]unayd discusses this situation, he talks about the human unification with God in this world, and at the same time about the ideal condition in the pre-existence. In Junayd’s theory of Sufism, the primordial covenant is one of the hid den tools for understanding the ontologically ultimate condition of human beings. This means that “fanā'” (annihilation) and “baqā'” are concepts of multiple meanings which enable one to achieve this condition.