Preparation of Pinolenic Acid Concentrates from Pine Nut Oil Fatty Acids by Solvent Fractionation

Abstract

Pinolenic acid (PLA), which is a fatty acid (FA) exclusively found in the oils of edible pine nuts, has an appetite-suppression effect, thereby being effective to reduce body weight in humans. PLA concentrates would be suitable for use in functional foods and nutraceuticals due to the health benefits of PLA. PLA concentrates were prepared from free FA (FFA) obtained from pine nut oil using solvent fractionation. Siberian pine nut oil containing 18.3 wt% PLA was used as the starting material for the fractionation. The fractionation was performed in n-hexane at ultra-low temperatures down to −85°C. The PLA concentrates produced under the optimal conditions established in this study (temperature, −85°C; n-hexane-to-FFA ratio (v/w), 30:1; fractionation time, 36 h) contained 69.8 wt% PLA. The yield of PLA was 77.4 wt% of the initial PLA weight in the FFA. These results suggest that solvent fractionation is a more effective approach to prepare PLA concentrates with higher PLA contents at a particular yield of PLA than published methods using urea crystallization (e.g., PLA content = ~47 wt%, yield of PLA = ~77 wt%, Woo et al. (2016)) or lipase-catalyzed reactions (e.g., PLA content = ~30 wt%, yield of PLA = ~61 wt%, Lee et al. (2011)). The resulting PLA concentrates contained 11 of the 12 different species of FA present in the FFA, thereby indicating that the PLA concentrates prepared by solvent fractionation have more diverse FA profiles than those prepared by urea crystallization (e.g., 7 species of FA, Woo et al. (2016)).