The increasing global population and the rise of health-conscious consumers have led to a growing demand for innovative foods and functional ingredients. Hairless canary seed (Phalaris canariensis L.), which has recently obtained regulatory food approval from Health Canada and the United States Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA), has the potential to meet these demands due to its unique nutrient profile and characteristics. Canary seed stands out among cereals and pseudo-cereals (gluten-free cereals) as it has the highest protein content and is gluten-free. Additionally, it contains significant amounts of tryptophan, an amino acid typically lacking in cereals. It is considered a true cereal grain that can be processed into flour, starch, and oil for various food and non-food applications. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the chemical composition, functional properties, and biological activities of canary seeds. It also explores the processing methods for incorporating these seeds into food and cosmetic products. Furthermore, suggestions for future research directions are presented to enhance the utilization of this plant. Overall, it is evident that Phalaris canariensis holds considerable potential as a sustainable crop that can be further developed.
Stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity, mortality, and disability, making it the second leading cause of death worldwide. Ischemic stroke (IS) accounts for the majority of strokes, and its pathogenesis is complex, often involving complications and sequelae. Currently, conventional clinical approaches are ineffective, with few drugs available for intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombolysis limited by a short time window. With the poor efficacy of monotherapy, the search for new complementary or alternative therapies has become the focus of researchers. In traditional medicine, Chinese aromatherapy has a long history of using aromatic medicines to treat IS. Natural essential oils (EOs), as the main pharmacological substances in aromatic drugs, are composed of different ratios of active metabolites with multi-targets and multi-components, which makes EOs have a wide range of pharmacological effects. Modern studies have also shown that EOs extracts and isolated monomers are beneficial for pathologically complex CIS. Therefore, this paper summarizes the EOs and monomers obtained from EOs that can prevent and treat IS in the last 20 years, and finds that EOs exert their anti-CIS effects mainly through anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and inhibition of excitotoxicity. The amelioration of IS complications by natural EOs and their active monomer components for the treatment of IS are further discussed.
In this study, the role of boiling and roasting on chemical properties, fatty acid compositions, polyphenols and mineral contents of peanut kernels provided from Mersin (Silifke) province in Turkey was investigated. The oil yields of peanut kernels treated were specified between 48.92% (boiled) and 52.93% (oven roasting). While total phenolic quantities of raw, boiled and roasted-peanut kernels were assessed between 71.98% (boiled) and 178.81 mgGAE/100 g (raw(control)), total flavonoid quantities of treatedpeanut kernels were found to be between 120.36 (boiled) and 530.36 mgQE/100 g (control). The antioxidant activities of peanut kernels ranged from 2.66 (microwave roasting) to 3.90 mmolTE/kg (control). The phenolic constituents of peanut kernels are sensitivities to heat treatment. The maximum reduction in the phenolic compounds of peanut kernels was determined in the peanut kernels roasted in the microwave and oven roasting systems, and followed by the boiled process in decreasing order. Also, while oleic acid quantities of raw, boiled and roasted-peanut kernel oils are determined between 54.06% (boiled) and 57.22% (microwave roasting), the linoleic acid quantities of the oils of peanut kernels treated were specified between 25.18% (microwave roasting) and 27.33% (boiled). The composition of the oil of the peanut kernels roasted in microwave has highly increased (except palmitic and linoleic acids) according to the control. The macro elements found at the highest amounts in raw, boiled and roasted-peanut kernels were P, K, Ca, Mg, S and Na. The most available as micro element has been Fe and Zn. Heat treatments such as roasting and boiling not only change the visible rawness of peanuts, but they can also subsequently cause chemical changes in peanut kernels.
This study investigated the characterization of fatty acid derivatives and vegetable oils by the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Resonant frequency and resistance were monitored for fatty acid derivatives and vegetable oils by a QCM sensor at 35℃ and 55℃. The resonant resistance depended on varieties of fatty acid derivatives, although the resonant frequency was similar for them. Oleic acid showed higher resonant resistance than methyl and ethyl oleate and oleyl alcohol. The resonant resistance of fatty acid methyl esters showed lower value according to the unsaturation (numbers of double bonds). Glyceryl oleate showed remarkably higher resonant resistance than oleic acid and its esters. Triolein showed the highest resonant resistance among glyceryl oleate. The resonant resistances of vegetable oils also depended on their varieties and iodine value (IV). Olive oil with the lowest IV showed the highest resonant resistance, while linseed oil with the highest IV showed the lowest resonant resistance among tested vegetable oils. The resonant resistances of vegetable oils reduced with their IV. These results suggested QCM may be effective for identification of vegetable oils.
In this study, the effects of incorporating arginine-modified peptide into the structure of discshaped bicelles were investigated. Characterization of bicellar system was conducted using different techniques, including dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Bicelle skin permeability as drug carriers was also evaluated. The addition of peptides revealed formation of small-sized, stable and discoidal-shaped bicelles. Positive zeta potential and synchrotron radiation experiments confirmed the presence and showed the peptide distribution across the bicelle face and rim region. A major disruption with the lipid rearrangement of the stratum corneum and the disruption of bicelle structures by the interaction between bicelle lipids and stratum corneum lipids were observed during the application of bicelles with cholesteryl chloroformate-arginine 8-mer (CholR8). This also demonstrated the highest penetration of the drug-loaded bicelle across the hairless mouse skin. As a model drug, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, meloxicam was selected. Meloxicam was incorporated into the hydrophobic domain of bicelles due to its hydrophobic property. Considering these results, bicelle induced with peptides exhibits useful and promising characteristics and behaviors, shaping an effective strategy for future transdermal drug delivery applications.
The potentially wide application of Phenolic acids (PAs) in industries was severely limited by their inadequate solubility and stability in polar/non-polar media. To overcome these limits, studies on the enzymatic esterification of PAs with glycerol were carried out to reach a yield of 95% of phenolic acid glycerols (PAGs) under the following reaction conditions: 1:150 molar ratio of PAs to glycerol; 25% of Lipozyme 435 relative to the weight of total substrates; 80°C, 500 rpm, 86.7 kPa and 10 h. Three resulting PAGs including caffeoyl glycerol (CG), feruloyl glycerol (FG), and p-hydroxycinnamoyl glycerol (p-HCG) were confirmed by MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. Among them, CG showed a comparative free radical scavenging ability to CA, indicating its potential use as a water-soluble antioxidant alternative to CA for food and cosmetic applications.
Gas chromatography (GC) was used to determine the fatty acid (FA) compositions of total lipid, phospholipid (PL), phospholipid subclass (phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)), and TAG (triacylglycerol) fractions in male Chondrostoma regium. Percentages of myristic acid (14:0), palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7), oleic acid (18:1n-9), monounsaturated fatty acid (ΣMUFA), linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and linolenic acid (18:3n-3) were found to be higher in TAG than the values determined in PL classes. Palmitic acid (16:0), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 20:6n-3) in the PC fraction; 16:0, 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3 in PE; 16:0, stearic acid (18:0), arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6), 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3 in PI; and 16:0, 18:0, oleic acid (18:1n- 9), 22:6n-3 in PS were found to be dominant. In total lipid, the PUFA/SFA ratio was 1.37-1.83; atherogenicity index (AI) was 0.34-0.47 and thrombogenicity index (TI) was found in the range of 0.18-0.22. The n-3/n-6 ratio, which is an important index for nutritional content, was found to be between 5.15 and 11.07. It was discovered that the FA compositions of male C. regium were affected by the reproductive period and season. These findings suggest that fish oil might be a beneficial dietary source for preserving human health.