Abstract
Several G protein-coupled receptors that transmit signals in response to dietary free fatty acids (FFAs) as well as endogenous metabolites, such as lactate and 3-hydroxybutyrate, have been discovered. These receptors are shown to sense levels of energy substrates or metabolic states of the body, and regulate metabolism and endocrine functions of various organs to maintain energy homeostasis. The receptors for FFAs and hydroxy carboxylic acids (HCAs) appear to be involved in several metabolic disorders including obesity, diabetes and atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarize the functions of FFA and HCA receptors in physiology and pathophysiology, and discuss their implications for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
