Biological Features of the Avian Male Gamete and their Application to Biotechnology of Conservation

Abstract

Male gamete biology shows specific features in birds that contribute to the reproductive strategy of flying animals adapted to highly variable environmental conditions. In this paper, we review the main characteristics of bird sperm, their selection and storage in the highly specialized female oviduct, specific features of polyspermic fertilization, and the consequences of these biological adaptations on semen biotechnology. Among other features, the storage of sperm in specific oviducal glands is a key factor to increase reproductive “freedom” but is also a critical point for the success of semen in vitro storage.