To evaluate biocompatibility of polyurethanes (PU), 2 room-temperature cure medical grade PU used in hollow fiber artificial kidney as sealant and 7 general grade thermoplastic PU (4 polyether type, 2 polyester type and 1 polycaprolactone type) were tested by our in vitro evaluation program, which consists of repeated extraction test, hemolysis test and tissue culture test. Three different types of PU were also implanted in rats for 1 to 12 weeks for histopathological evaluation. Room-temperature cure PU seemed the most biocompatible and the results were considerably different from one another among thermoplastic PU.