Approaches to integration of medical image and spatial data for computer-assisted surgery are presented. We firstly describe preoperative image analysis for organ modeling, quantification, and surgical planning, then present intraoperative guidance using preoperative planning and intraoperative images such as ultrasonography and endoscopy. Finally, we discuss a framework of a 4D surgical database in which the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data are stored directly from computer-assisted surgery systems.
