一般-特殊-個別

-マルクス主義社会学へのアプローチ-

抄録

Starting from J-J-Rousseau's thesis which is concerned to the relation between private wills in particular groups and General Will in society, author locates him in one side of the contemporary disputes in modern sociology around problems of power. In Rousseau's view, particular groups should be excluded in order to accomplish the general will of the society. Some similarity to his conception was found in the so-called non-conflict interpretation of socialist society. On the other hand, liberalistic theories insist the possibility or desirability of particular groups to participate in in public power. There are different applications of the philosophical connection between categories : general-particular-individual.
Theoretical postulates of both types of power theory has been in unresolvable contradiction. Author distinguishes power concept of “sozial” character (particular level) from that of “gesellschaftlich” character (general level). The aim of this paper is to explain the relationship of both concepts.
In the perspective of marxist theory building, author discerns the particular theory of “das Soziale” from the general theory of “das Gesellschaftliche”. The latter has been investigated so well in the historical materialism, but the former poorly elaborated. The theory of “das Gesellschaftliche”, the fundamental concept of which is the okonomische Gesellschaftsformation, is the product by application of Marx' natural-historical method to social realities. In this theory, marxist sociology presents laws of social development as natural-historical ones. The theory of “das Soziale” can be established only on the foundation of it.
“Das Soziale” in capitalistic society relates only to the working class. The reason is this- : according to the theory of “das Gesellschaftliche”, in this society social relations (gesellschaftliche Verhaltnisse) are reified and individuals appear as indifferent beings each other. In its framework Verhaltnisse never transmute to das soziale Verhalten. But revolutionary movements of the working class are Verhalten to break through capitalistic Verhaltnisse and to rise from its particularity to generality by establishment of its dictatorship. In this meaning, author speaks of das Soziale in capitalistic society. Marxist sociology would be completed on condition that both theory of das Gesellschaftliche and that of das Soziale were articulated in the system.