Virtual Reality as a Tool for Environmental Education: Enhancing Fear and Awe through Embodiment and Immersion

Abstract

This study examined how virtual embodiment and interface type (VR vs. PC) affect fear and awe in a virtual underwater environment filled with oversized marine debris. Using a 2×2 design, 120 university students were randomly assigned to different conditions. Results showed that both embodiment and VR significantly increased emotional responses, though no interaction effect was found. Findings support embodiment and immersion theories, suggesting immersive media effectively elicit complex emotions. This study offers insights for applying VR in environmental education and emotion-based communication strategies.