Abstract
In the last century, researchers could concentrate on producing new scientific knowledge without paying much attention to how it was to be used in society. Science and technology have made remarkable progress, contributing greatly to raising people's living standards. But the benefits have come at some cost, including negative effects on the environment. Times have changed, and the notion of "science for society" is now widely accepted by both researchers and science policy makers. Irresponsible behavior by researchers under the name of freedom of research is no longer tolerated. Researchers are now required to evaluate the social effects of their research and explain them and communicate with the public in plain language. In the reality of the mega-competition and post catch-up era, innovation is the only means for Japan to resolve existing constraints, continue sustainable growth and survive with a declining population. We need reforming our less than-functioning science and innovation system, including universities, academic societies, the research funding system and the relationship between science and society. Mutual communication is necessary between these areas, if science-based innovations are to be nurtured and accepted by society.
