This review article covers the evaluating methods of the formation with a special reference to the structure of fiber flocs.
Soft x-ray imaging can be used for the analysis of both macro-scale floc structure and micro-scale network structure on mass basis.
For describing the floc structure, the mass co-occurrence matrix parameters, indicatives of the intensity and size of flocs, are suitable.
The simultaneous measurements of the local grammage and the network anisotropy in areas smaller than the floc size reveal the characteristics of the variations of the network structure in machine-made paper.