東南アジア地域統合とベトナム

内外の民主化圧力と中国への接近

抄録

This article focuses on the regional and domestic democratic pressures to Vietnamese communist government and recent Hanoi-Beijing rapprochment so as to put the question that how the democratization of Vietnam will influence to ASEAN cooperation or relations between ASEAN and China.
ASEAN's core principle of non-interference in the internal affairs was at first fabourable for Hanoi government to enter into regional cooperations and to ensure the legitimacy of its communist regime. Ideologues of the Vietnamese Communist Party insisted on the superiority of “socialist democracy” against “bourgeois democracy” on the one hand, applied the principle of noninterference to the domestic affairs of Asian capitalist countries on the other. In accodance with the principle, Hanoi government also positively supported the affiliation of Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia with ASEAN.
However, lots of democratic changes took place in East and South-East Asia in 1990s and at the beginning of 2000s. Above all, the collapse of Suharto regime in Indonesia caused the loss of persuasiveness of “Asian Way” on which the principle of non-interference based. Soon after Vietnam had joined ASEAN, the principle became invalid for Hanoi to justify its policies concerning democracy and human rights.
In the process of construction ASEAN Charter, democratization and protection of human rights became essential ideas of ASEAN Community. In additon to the regional democratic pressures, Hanoi came to be afraid that dicisions of ASEAN Community will restruct sovereignty of member countries and threaten Vietnamese communist regime.
As Vietnam participated in the international society and its market economy developed, the domestic movements for democratization by multiparty system and protection of civil and political rights have been developed and linked with anti-Chinese nationalism. In recent years, Vietnamese Communist Party has accepted Chinese model of party construction and cooperated with Chinese Communist Party in the theory of “socialist democracy”. However, in the relationship with China, Hanoi faced with questions directly concerned with national sovereignty such as the political system or territorial disputes. From the end of 2008 the democratic movements have focused on the plan of mining bauxite in central highlands with the participation of Chinese aluminium company. Relating to territorial soverignty and national security of Vietnam, the development project of bauxite caused a fierce public criticism.
In addion to the powerful support of China for Myanmar military government, the ideological cooperation between Beijing and Hanoi as well as the advance of Chinese capital, technology and labor force into Vietnam will have any affects to the regional order in East and Southeast Asia.