開発援助とコンディショナリティ-IMF、世界銀行、UNDPの業務活動に関する一考察-

変容する国際社会と国連

抄録

In today's United Nations system, cooperation for development has been one of the most important tasks. The new orientation for development policy may be characterized as follows:
(a) Promoting economic growth needs the appropriate economic and social framework. If it is lacking, structural adjustment has to be done.
(b) One should recognize the necessity of consideration for social influence to vulnerable groups of the population in carrying out structural adjustment programmes.
(c) Structural adjustment programmes should contain appropriate measures for long-term and sustained development, which take into account priority, national development objectives, and, thereby, contribute to the improvement of human and social conditions.
From the viewpoint of the role of international organizations, these circumstances have changed their function of co-ordination into that of management. In other words, when they assist developing countries, various and strict conditions have been imposed. As a natural result, the confrontation between developing countries and international organizations, especially the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, has come into existence. For such activities may be regarded as some kinds of internal intervention. That is so called Conditionality.
The aim of this paper, therefore, is to clear the character of Conditionality through studying the operational activities for development by some international organizations. The term of Conditionality, however, will be defined as follows: All the acts and the forms that international organizations request developing countries to do something which belongs exclusively to their national competence in the process of the operative activities for development. According to this definition, the practices by IMF, the World Bank, and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) will be examined.
Considering the relationship between international organizations and their member States, an analysis of the legality of Conditionality should be done on the basis of the following two approaches. First of all, it should be analyzed in the context of deliberation, that is competence of the international organization. Secondly, it should be analyzed in the context of negotiation, that is diplomacy by the international organization.
After analyzing them, the character of Conditionality will be clear as follows: (a) Rationale of Conditionality as an indispensable part of the operational activities, (b) Process of negotiation which begins with the developing countries' request after all, (c) Exercise of Conditionality as diplomacy by means of positive measures, and (d) Conditionality's objectives which are not adapted for being governed by the international law.
Finally, the meaning of Conditionality in the last trend of global development policy will be focussed on.