マルクスにおける「教育学的」意識の清算

マックス・シュティルナー批判を手がかりとして

抄録

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the distinctive features of Karl Marx's educational thought. Many studies on Marx fail to distinguish Marxism from Marx. However, Marx's thought is different from Marxism and has distinctively historical meanings. This paper pays attention to Marx's criticism of Max Stirner in “Die deutsche Ideologie”. Because Stirner developed the criticism of pedagogy in “Der Einzige und sein Eigentum”, Marx's educational thought can be reconstructed by means of Marx's criticism of Stirner.
Stirner assumed that the rule of the spirit by the concept of “Man” was a distinctive feature of modernity and that education was its means. He criticized the suppression of the individual by “Man”. Before Stirner's book was published Marx had envigioned “Communism as the real appropriation of the human essence by and for man”. Stirner' s criticism turned out to match this Vision of communism and awakened Marx from philosophical consciousness. Marx thus stopped regarding the human essence as the assumption of the discussion and came to understand it as “the ensemble of social relations” based on the materialistic view of history. He called the refusal of this human essence theory the settlement of account with philosophical conscience. Because Stirner's pedagogy was based upon the assumption of the human essence, it can be considered that the settlement of account with philosophical conscience implied the settlement of account with pedagogical conscience. Marx changed the way of viewing pedagogy of terms of the human essence theory by explaining how such an idea as “Man” was abstracted from material relations.